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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 different types of space proposed by Montello, 1993? |
1. Figural space - e.g. maps, phone layout - object is defined, has borders 2. Vista space - surrounds you - can grasp from 1 viewpoint (vista = viewpoint) 3. Environmental space - Have to move around to get multiple views - Can be displayed in a 3D map |
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What are biases in human spatial memory? |
1. People don't remember exact map locations 2. Lines (e.g. borders, coasts) are remembered as more straight & vertical/horizontal than they actually are - e.g. border between US & Canda is remembered as mainly straight, thus Toronto is thought of as more north than Seattle even though its not. 3. Intersections usually remembered as right angles - In lab conditions, angles walked while blindfolded are decalled as being more like right angles 4. Participants having to remember a dot location on a screen distort the location towards the centre of a screen quadrant (Multiple memory systems for spaces/maps) |
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What are the 2 types of memory systems humans use? |
1. Categorical - Clustering into regions - Reasoning done using the clusters - Works also for routes (categories might be in a language format) 2. Precise |
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What are types of spatial transformations? |
1. Rotation 2. Translation 3. Scale 4. Stretch |
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What did Shepard & Metzler, 1971 find? |
Mental rotation of an object takes longer, the higer the angle of rotation from 0 - 180 |
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What type of maps do people perform better with? |
Aligned maps compared to contra-aligned maps - Time to decide if two objects/locations are the same is faster when maps are aligned - Shifts of perspective also play a role |
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What did Waller et al., 2009 test and find? What does the study suggest? |
Memory for scenes - View combination in scene recognition 1. Subjects watch a virtual scene from selected perspectives 2. During test, scene is viewed either interpolated (closer to center), trained, or extrapolated (further out) perspectives 3. Interpolated views were even better for scene recognition than trained views - Suggests encoded views are combined for recognition |
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How are object locations represented 'centrically'? Is there a difference between cultures? |
Both egocentric & allocentric reference frames are used. - Either object location relative to subject or to nearby other objects - Different cultures use different reference frames to talk about spatial relations Co-ordinate systems can therefore be relative to which things are represented |
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Give an example of differences in reference frames. |
Asking where the "front of the car" is. Answer can either be: - Where windshield/headlights are (allocentric) - The side of the car the person is facing (egocentric) |
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Which cultures only use allocentric reference frames? |
e.g. Aboriginal communities |
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Which cultures use both allocentric & egocentric? |
Most Western cultures |
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What was an example in Germany of social influences affecting spatial memory? |
1. Participants have to estimate distances between east & west German cities 2. Participants have either negative, neutral or positive view about the reunification of Germany 3. Those with a negative opinion overestimated the distance beweetn eastern & western cities compared to within a region |
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What different types can allocentric reference frames be? |
1. Earth based (Cardinal directions NESW) 2. Relative towards a central mountain/island (e.g. seawards vs mountainwards) 3. Relative to valleys/rivers (e..g. upstreamwards or downstreamwards) |
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How does perspective affect the recognition that an object has moved? |
Easier to detect a moved object from a novel view when imagining how the view looked before. - Linear increase in time & error without hint (although 180 degrees is faster than 135) |
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How does social cognition affect perspective tasks of recognizing moved objects? |
For non-autistists, easier to imagine a position from a human than from an object For autists, there is no such difference |
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Who came up with developmental theories and for what? |
1. Piaget & Inhelder, 1967 - Development of children 2. Siegel & White, 1975 - Development of knowledge for a specific environment |
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What was the Ishikawa & Montello, 2006 experimental studying spatial cognition development? |
1. Subjects drive along routes for 10 days 2. During the test, survey knowledge (map-based) for each individual route & between routes is tested 3. Rarely any improvement across days Suggests there is no developmental sequence |
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What is the difference between global vs local reference frames? |
Global = e.g. coordinate system Local = e.g. streets, rooms etc. that may connect to form a global reference frame? Makes sense to call both frames allocentric |
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How was the difference between global vs local reference frames tested? |
Alignment Effect - People perform better when aligned with the frame of reference they use For global reference frame, perform best when aligned with their conceptual 'north' (measured by how participants draw a map) For local reference frame, perform best when aligned with how a local scene was experienced (e.g. walked through) |
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What was the Mohler, Büthoff & Meillinger, 2012 experiment? What were the conclusions? |
1. Tübingen residents placed in different locations in virtual Tübingen in different orientations 2. Using local reference frames (e.g. according to street orientation) showed no effect 3. Using a global reference frame (e.g. relative to north) made participants navigate better when originally placed north - North was best because they learned locations from a map & used that for pointing Suggests people may use global reference frames |
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What makes humans special in location memory? |
We use multiple memory systems for locations, but also combine multiple sources |
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What is environmental space memory? |
Interaction of map memory & navigational memory |
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How does spatial memory develop in children |
1. Landmarks 2. Route knowledge 3. Survey knowledge But this isn't how we learn environments |
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What was the updating & disorientation experiment? What did they find? What does this suggest? |
1. Task to look at objects & room 2. Then close eyes & either turn around or become disorientated. 3. Then have to point to all objects or all corners of the room with closed eyes When only turning, memory of the relative locations between objects/corners is very precise When disorientated, corners were easy, but objects only good after training Transient, but precise, egocentric directions are updated. Allocentric configurations of a room are remembered fast, while allocentric object arrays are learned later. (Room configuration easier than objects) |
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What was the task investigating gender differences? What were the results? |
Task Shown an object made of cubes, asked to pick 1 of 4 which match it but is rotated. (Have to perform mental rotation) Results Men performed better than women |
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What other types of tasks is there or is there not gender differences? |
In non-object tasks, some studies find similar differences, some don't. A small difference in environmental space tasks Usually no difference in route knowledge, but differences in survey tasks such as pointing or distance estimation In re-orientation tasks, women rely more on landmark cues. - Men use both landmark & geometry cues Strategic differences - Women report to use more route strategies (e.g. following familiar route & landmarks) - Men use more survey strategy (shortcuts, memorize overall layout) |
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What is the possible explanation for spatial gender differences? |
Biological / Genetic - Men go further to spread genes - Testosterone alters brain regions involved in re-orientation tasks - Male rats orient more on geometry than females Expectancy - Women expected to perform worse, so they do - Describe themselves are more spatially anxious Training - Boys play more spatial games & allowed to roam more than girls |
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What is the summary of Psychological evidence about spatial navigation? |
1. Human memory is biased towards straight, upwards & horizontal lines & 90 degree intersections 2. Humans use both precise & categorical memory for locations 3. Humans combine views to recognize scenes & objects 4. Different cultures use different reference frames to talk about locations 5. Navigating an environmental space yields local interconnected reference frames 6. Humans use multiple sources of spatial information to solve tasks - e.g. Maps & navigation experience |
