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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is negative feedback?
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Correcting any change from normal. Bringing the body back to homeostasis.
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What is a sign?
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Some that can be measured. Ex: fever Objective
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Name two things that calculate a range of normal
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Standard Deviation, Mathematical Average
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What is a phenotype?
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The expression of a gene.
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What two things are examples of phenotype.
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the color of your eyes, sickle cell anemia
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What are intrinsic factors?
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age, sex, history
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Name two factors classified as intrinsic in the etiology of a disease.
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genotype, medical history
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Which three cell structures are the most important in the production of insulin packets.
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chromosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus
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What are the four cell activities most important in the inflammatory response?
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chemotaxis, cytokine release, phagocytosis, lysoosomal activity
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What three cell activities are particularly characteristic of specific immune responses by a B lymphocyte?
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cell division, antibody production, complement activation
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What two things function as opsonins?
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antibodies, complement factors
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What three factors are most likely responsible for producing the signs and symptoms of allergic bronchial asthma?
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mast cells, antigens, antibody E
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What three factors cooperate in the normal pathway for activation of the complement system?
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antigens, antibody G, antibody M
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What two factors most likely predispose a person to opportunistic disease?
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cortisol therapy and long term antibiotics
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What is etiology?
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the cause of the disease
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What is pathogenesis?
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how the cells grow.........can be uncontrolled
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What is the karyotype?
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complete set of chromosomes in a person, all normal and accounted for
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What is genotype?
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how the gene made up?
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What could go wrong in using genetic engineering to fix a gene?
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You could possibly cause a new problem
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What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
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calor, dolor, rubor, tumor
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How does calor develop?
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cytokines dilate arterioles
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What is the primary cause for calor?
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increased bloodflow
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How does dolor develop?
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cytokines stimulate free nerve endings
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What is the primary cause for dolor?
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swelling, histamine, open wounds
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How does rubor develop?
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cytokines dilate arterioles
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What is the primary cause for rubor?
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increased bloodflow
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How does tumor develop?
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cytokines open capillary pores wider
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What is the primary cause for tumor?
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trauma
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What is the significance of colony stimulating factors?
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sends signals to increase WBC production during inflammation
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What is the significance of complement factors?
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used in pathogen activity
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What is the significance of interleukins?
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the stimulate the immune reaction
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What is the significance of lymphokines?
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A messenger, related to Antibody E that is a signaling chemical
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What is the significance of memory cells?
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provide quick strong response to pathogen
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What is the significance of pyrogens?
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chemicals that cause fever to stimulate WBC growth
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Name three non-inflammatory defenses the body uses to defend itself against pathogens.
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Normal flora on skin, normal urine flow, tears
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What is the difference between active and passive immunization?
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active: vaccination
Passive: mothers milk |
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What is congestion?
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overabundance of blood within a tissue
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What is edema?
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excess acummulation of fluid between cells or body cavities
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What is a thrombus?
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blood clot against the wall of an artery or vein, stationary
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What is an emboli?
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A Moving blood clot
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What is ischemia?
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poor blood flow
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What is infarct
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tissue death
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What is a situation in which a benign neoplasm might require medical attention?
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Location, can put pressure and stop blood flow
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Why do most chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer have potentially harmful side effects?
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kill healthy cells
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Discuss one mechanism for the onset of an autoimmune disease?
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immune system possesses antigens that resemble a pathogen causing a reaction
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Allergic bronchial asthma and signs and symptoms?
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constricted swollen airways, excess mucus, air trapping, wheezing
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Bronchial asthma and treatments
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must immediatly open airways, avoid allergens, carry inhaler
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Two distinctly different situations which would put a person at rick for opportunistic diseases
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Depressed immune system (chemo, or HIV)
open wound |
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Name three things that best fit the pathogenesis of an infection.
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cytokine release, chemotaxis, opsonin activity
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Name two factors that would be extrinsic in the etiology of a disease.
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nutrient deficiencies, bacteria
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Name two things that are examples of a karotype
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X and Y chromosomes, trisomy 21
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The DNA you inherited contains assembly instructions for what?
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antibodies, membrane proteins, complement factors
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What two cell structures are most immediately and directly involved with a macrophage's protective role?
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lysosome, cell membrane
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What two cell structures are most immediately and directly involved with a lymphocyte production of antibodies?
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chromosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What three cells are involved with the primary humoral response the first time you are exposed to a pathogen?
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B lymphocyte, macrophage, T helper cell
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What two factors are most directly involved in the lymphokine release so critical to cell mediated immunity?
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antigen, basophil
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What four factors are most critical to cytokine release in an allergy?
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mast cell, antigen, antibody E, basophil
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What three factors generate a type III reaction?
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insulin, Antibody G and M
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What two factors trigger type 4 reactions?
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lanolin, cytotoxic lymphocyte
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What three factors are thought to be controls on a person's immune-inflammatory activity to minimize the damage to normal cells
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T suppressor cells, epinephrine, cortisol
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What is homeostasis?
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All bodies functioning at normal
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What is hypertrophy?
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increase in organ size due to increase in individual cell size
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What is hyperplasia?
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increase in number of cells in tissue leading to increase in size of organ
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What is phenotype?
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what the genes actually physically express
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What in genotype?
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Genetic make up - blue print
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What is ischemia?
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poor blood flow w/o tissue death
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What is infarct?
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poor blood flow with tissue death
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What is a thrombus?
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stationary clot
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What is an embolism?
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moveable clot
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What is neoplasia?
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tumor benign or malignant from new tissue growth
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What is metaplasia?
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normal cell but in the wrong place
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What is congestion?
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collection of blood
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What is edema?
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collection of fluid
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What are the four cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
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redness, heat, pain, swelling
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What is the pathogenesis of redness?
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cell that is damaged and releases lytokines
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What is the pathogenesis of heat?
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cytokines dilate arterioles, increased bloodflow
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What is the pathogenesis of pain?
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cytokines dilate capillaries causing swelling and tumor
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What is the pathogenesis of swelling?
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finally the cytokines stimulate free nerve endings causing pain
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Explain the possible health significance of pyrogens.
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Facilitates WBC growth
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Name two distinctly different mechanisims for a person's adverse drug reaction to pcn.
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anaphylaxis - life threatening
atopic - localized |
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What is the oncological significance of antioxidants.
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help release bad toxins to slow production of harmful cells that may be cancerous
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what is the oncological significance of tumor-specific antigens.
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determine the severeness of the cells that may be determined benign and malignant
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What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of colony-stimulating factors?
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slowly boost WBC
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What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of hyposensitization.
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They increase the number of different antibodies
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What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of interleukins?
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stimulate immune reaction
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What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of lymphokines?
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send a signal to attack pathogen
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What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of opsonins?
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promote leukocytosis
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What is the immunological/inflammatory significance of perforins?
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CTL's poke holes in infected cells
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How does the stress response affect the S/S of Type 1 hyperimmune response
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if the stress leads to opinephrine it eliviates the S/S
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Discuss a possible immunological therapy for CA
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interleukins
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What are the two diagnostic features of allergic hyperimmunity?
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epinephrine, cortisol
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What is the primary concern in treating immune-related skin disorders?
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maintanence of the skin barrier
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Name three things that would best fit the etiology of a typical infectious disease?
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bacteria, genetic susceptibility, virus
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Is medical history and genotype intrinsic or extrinsic factors?
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Intrinsic
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A chromosomal gene contains the assembly instructions for
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protein
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What three cellular structures are most immediately involved in making packaged protein?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, chromosomes
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What two cellular structures are most directly involved in a phagocytes protective response to cell/tissue injury?
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lysosomes, cell membrane
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What three cell types are most adept at the generalizd phagocytic activity at the heart of a person's inflammatory response?
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macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
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What three cell types are most critical to the primary cellular immune response?
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macrophage, lymphocyte, helper cells
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What are the Type III factors that generate an allergic reaction?
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Antibody G, M and penicillin
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What are the Type I factors that generate an allergic reaction?
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Antiboy E, basophil, penicillin
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Discuss the difficulty inherent in fixing a defective gene which produces a disease state
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create a side effect that could be just as diminishing as the first
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