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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define hyperplasia
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Increased cell number
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Define hypertrophy
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Increased cell mass
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Define atrophy
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Decreased cell mass
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Define metaplasia
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Change from one mature cell type to another
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Define reversible injury
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Denotes pathologic cell changes that can be restored to normalcy if the stimulus is removed or if the cause of injury is mild
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Define irreversible injury
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Occurs when stressors exceed the capacity of the cell to adapt (beyond a point of no return) and denotes permanent pathologic changes that cause cell death
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Define necrosis
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The more common type of cell death, involving severe cell swelling, denaturation and coagulation of proteins, breakdown of cellular organelles, and cell rupture. Usually, a large number of cells in the adjoining tissue are affected
Necrosis always represents a pathologic process |
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Define apoptosis
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Occurs when a cell dies by activation of an internal suicide program, involving and orchestrated disassembly of cellular components; there is minimal disruption of the surrounding tissue.
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What causes oxygen deprivation?
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1. Ischemia (loss of blood supply).
2. Inadequate oxygenation (eg cardiorespiratory failure). 3. Loss of oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (eg anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning) |
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Responses to injurious stimuli depend on:
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Type of injury, its duration, and its severity
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Consequences of injury depend on:
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Type, State, and Adaptability of the injured cell
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Cell injury results from abnormalities in one or more of these five cellular components:
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1. Aerobic respiration, involving mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production
2.Integrity of the genetic apparatus 3. Protein synthesis 4.Intracellular cytoskeleton 5.Maintenace of cell membrane integrity |
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The intracellular mechanisms of cell injury fall into one of these five general pathways:
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1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage 3. Influx of intracellular calcium and loss of calcium homeostasis 4. Accumulation of Oxygen-derived radicals 5. Defects in membrane permeability |
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Damaged mitochondria form a high-conductance channel called:
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Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)
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What two phenomena consistenty characterize irreversible injury?
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1. Inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction.
2. Development of profound disturbances in membrane function |
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Name two morphological characteristics of reversible injury
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Cell swelling and Fatty change
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What two processes underlie the basic morphologic changes in necrosis
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Denaturation of proteins and enzymatic digestion of organelles and other cytosolic components
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Define coagulative necrosis
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Most common pattern, predominated by protein denaturation with presevation of the cell and tissue framework. Characteristic of hypoxic death
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Define liquefactive necrosis
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Occurs when autolysis or heterolysis predominates over protein denaturation. Necrotic area is soft and filled with fluid
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Define caseous necrosis
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Characteristic of tuberculous lesions. Apperas forssly as soft, friable,cheesy material and microscopically as amorphous eosinophilic material with cell debris
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Define fat necrosis
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Seen in adipose tissue. Lipase activation releases fatty acids from triglycerides, which then complex with calcium to create soaps.
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