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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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physiology
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functional
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pathology
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abnormal/ disease
bridges clinical and basic sciences |
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pathophysiology
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"altered function"
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disease
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disruption of steady state
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physiologic response is dependent on what 7 factors:
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genetic differences, age, situational, coexistent disease, culture, time, gender
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control of steady state done by:
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positive and negative feedback
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origins of disease process: (what acronym?)
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TITMEND
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what does titmend stand for?
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Trauma, infection, toxin, metabolic, endocrine, neoplasia, degenerative
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what are selye's concepts
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adaptive responses in animals
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name selye's 3 concepts of stress response
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alarm, resistance, habituation
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what happens with Selye's alarm concept
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sympathetic stimulation
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what happens with Selye's resistance concept
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decline in symp activity/ adrenocorticoid hormones high
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what happens with Selye's habituation/ exhaustion concept?
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energy reserves depleted; system fails to respond
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what systems are involved in stress response
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nervous, immune, endocrine
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name the steps in the fight or flight response
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release of epi/ norepi from adrenal glands -> release of ADH, GH, Prolactin
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define "coping"
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functioning appropriately under stress
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what 2 types of coping are there?
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problem focused and emotion focused
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define problem focused coping
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addresses the problem
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define emotion focused coping
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reduced emotional pain
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describe the plasma membrane
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selective filter/ fence with varying size holes
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what is the plasma membrane composed of
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lipids, phospho lipids, and protein
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how is the plasma membrane "polar"?
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hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides
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describe the plasma membrane
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phospholipid bilayer with integrated proteins/ glycoproteins which serve as channels for transport and receptors
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what types of molecules cross freely through the membrane
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lipid soluble and oxygen; not ionic molecules
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how are ionic molecules moved across the membrane
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pumps and gated channels
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what ions require pumps or channels to pass through the plasma membrane
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Na, K, glucose, amino acids
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what does the cytoskeleton do
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holds organelles in place
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what is contained in the nucleus
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genetic material and chromosomes
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describe the endoplasmic reticulum
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rough and smooth; based on ribosome/ RNA presence
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what does the golgi apparatus do?
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works with the ER to synthesize and package proteins
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what do the lysosomes do
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contain digestive enzymes
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what does the mitochondria do
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the engine of the cell; burns fuel and generates ATP
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what processes does the mitochondria use to "burn fuel" and "generate ATP"
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oxidative phosphorylation and Kreb's citric acid cycle
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what is the resting membrane potential
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no net change of potential with ion movement (mostly potassium differences)
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describe the membrane potential
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pull of (-) charged proteins in vs steep concentration gradiant out
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name 2 types of cells with excitable membranes
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nerve and muscle
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what happens during the action potential
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rapid changes in action potential; voltage gated ion channels open; movement of Na in and K out
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what are 3 types of cell to cell communicaiton
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1) gap junctions exist-directly connect the cytoplasms
2) plasma membrane contact - receptor mediated- binds and causes effect; 3) secretion of chemical mediators |
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name 3 types of cellular response
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injury, aging and death
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what is the cellular response dependent on?
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cell, agent, time of exposure
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describe a type of reversible cell injury
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hydropic swelling: Na and K malfunction; lack of ATP; causes an influx of Na and thus, water; intracellular accumulation of lipids, proteins and carbs
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name 5 types of cellular adaptation
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hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia
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what is hypertrophy
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increased size of cells
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what is atrophy
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death of cells/ shrinkage
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what is hyperplasia
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increased number of cells
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what is metaplasia
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transition to a different type of cell
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what is dysplasia
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disorganized types of cellular appearance
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name a type of irrerversible cell injury
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necrosis
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what types of necrosis are there?
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coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous and apoptosis
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what is coagulative necrosis
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most common; denatured proteins/ relative solid (i.e. heart)
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what is liquefactive necrosis
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liquid area from lysosomal enzymes; cyst or abscess (brain)
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what is fat necrosis
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adipose tissue death/ trauma; pancreatitis
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what is caseous necrosis?
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lung tissue/ TB- clumpy- cheese like
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what is apoptosis
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cellular suicide/ regulated cell death- no inflammation
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what are some etiologies of cell injury
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hypoxia: low oxygen leads to lack of energy production (from ischemia/ lack of blood supply)
nutritional insufficiency/ minerals infectious/ immunologic/ viral/ bacterial/ directly or secondary to immune response chemical/ toxins physical/ mechanical- temperature, pressure, electrical, radiation |
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name the 2 types of inflammation
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acute and chronic
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describe acute inflammation
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immediate; early response to tissue injury (neutrophils); alteration in vascular permability (vasodilation); causes proteins to exit; from chemotaxis;
movement of leukocytes to site (margination, rolling, adhesion, diapedis) |
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name the 5 signs of inflammation
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heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
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what happens with chemotaxis from inflammation
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bacterial peptides, complement system, components of lipoxygenase system, cytokines, histamine (Mast cells) results in induced locomotion of WBC's and activate the leukocytes
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what happens during the phagocytic stage of inflammation?
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recognition and attachment, engulfment, and degradation by lysosomal enzymes; resulting in potential for cell injury
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what are the 3 stages of chronic inflammation
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mononuclear cellular infiltrate; tissue destruction; repair (angiogenesis and fibrosis)
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describe the lymphatic system
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thin walled channels/ vessels and nodes; function to drain and sample the extravascular space
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what is another function of the lymphatic system
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deliver antigens/ lymphocytes ("sentries") -> T and B cells to mount an immune response; consider lymphangitis vs lymphadenitis
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what are the systemic effects of inflammation (acute phase reactants)?
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fever, elevated WBC's (leukocytosis), anorexia, sleep changes, muscle protein breakdown (catabolic state), and hypotension
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what happens with bacterial related leukocytosis
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elevated WBC's; bands "left shift", immature neutrophils
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what happens with a viral related leukocytosis
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increased lymphocytes and monocytes
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what happens with a parasitic or allergen related leukocytosis
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increased number of eosinophils
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what is meiosis
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cell division that results in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Occurs in gonadal germ cells
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what is mitosis
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cell division that results in daughter cells with chromosomes that are identical to the parent cell. occurs in somatic cells
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describe chromosomes
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X shaped with attachment (centromere)
diploid - occur in pairs humans have 23 chromosomes/ 22 autosomes and one set of sex (X and Y) |
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what is an allele
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position on the chromosome (multiple genes)-> codes for a particular trait
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what is homozygous
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same alleles from both parents; AA or aa
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what is heterozygous
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different alleles from both parents; Aa
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what is a dominant trait
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expressed if present
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what is particular characteristic of meiosis
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no duplication of genetic material before 2nd cell division; haploid cell (sperm/ egg produced- carry one of each set)
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what is a recessive trait
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expressed only if received from both parents
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what is codominance
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both traits may be expressed (i.e. ABO blood type)
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what is the Punnett square
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calculating probability of expression of a genetic trait
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