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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
We have around _____ different types of cells in the human body. The number of cells in the human body is somewhere in the _____. Disease can be thought of _____.
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20
trillions the change in cells (structure/function and/or variation) |
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Define pathogenesis
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The development of cell change. Broken up into 2 parts: the cell change and the body's response.
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Define Etiology
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the cause of the cell change
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List the main diagram
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Cause of cell change/etiology
Development of cell changes/pathogenesis = Cell Changes-> Body's Response Signs/Symptoms (S/S) Treatment Outcome |
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There are large numbers of _____ and limited number of _____.
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etiologies & diseases but about 20 pathogenic responses/mechanisms.
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Signs are _____, symptoms are _____.
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objective measurements like temperature
subjective indicators of disease like nausea |
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Treatment is considered +/- because
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it may or may not be needed.
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Etiologies:
Decrease in blood supply |
Ischemia
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Etiologies:
Decrease of oxygen |
Hypoxia
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Etiologies: Infectious agents. Give an example
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Viruses, bacteria, fungi
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Etiologies: Explain immunologic reactions.
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Divided into intentional (meant to protect us, but actually causes disease) and unintentional (autoimmune diseases)
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The immune system, in protecting us, makes us _____.
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sick (inflammation, allergy, aches, pains)
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Etiologies: Genetic Factors: either _____ or _____
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inherited or new mutations
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Etiologies: Nutrition: broken up into _____ or _____
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excess or deficiencies
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radiation, pressure, electricity, mechanical forces like trauma, temperature differences are all
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physical agent etiologies
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Etiology: aging
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decrease in the ability to response to changes in environment
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Etiology: unknown cause
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idiopathic
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List the 2 different categories of cellular changes (1.2)
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Lethal & non-lethal cellular changes
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List the 4 different cellular adaptions
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atrophy
hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia |
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swelling
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edema
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hemorrhage
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Bleeding or the abnormal flow of blood
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if the cellular change is lethal cell injury, the body's response is
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necrosis
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atrophy definition...
it results from... |
reduction in cell size
loss of intercellular organelles |
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hypertrophy definition
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increase in cell size
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hyperplasia definition
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increase in the number of cells
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neoplasia definition
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new growth. I'm pretty sure cancer
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metaplasia definition
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change from 1 mature cell type to another mature cell type
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Difference between physiologic cell change and pathogenic cell change (1.2)
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physiological are adaptions in response to something in the body and usually are good adaptions. Pathologic are not adaptions but from unknown sources and usually result in negative cellular changes
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thrombosis definition
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blood clot
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Cell membrane is necessary for _____
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ionic homeostasis
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These organelles are responsible for protein synthesis
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golgi body & rough ER
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The 4 cell components most susceptible to cell injury:
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cell membrane
mitochondria protein synthesis (rough ER, golgi body) nucleus (genetic material) |
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Loss of ATP results in the _____. For example, the loss of the _____, which results in the influx of _____, which results in cellular ______.
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cessation of most homeostatic paths
Na+ pump Na+ ions and water swelling |
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ROS
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Reactive O2 Species: Free radicals; unstable intracellular molecules which attack and degrade many cell components (DNA, RNA, membranes)
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Loss in Ca++ homeostasis results from _____ and results in _____.
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membrane damage (thus the influx of Ca++ into cytosol).
activating catabolic enzymes that break down cell activates apoptosis (cell suicide) |
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Metabolically _____ cells are more vulunerable to injury because _____.
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active
they eat up ATP. |
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Irreversible cellular change which results in necrosis occurs when the _____ and _____ are too compromised to recover.
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cell membrane and ATP
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All physiologic cellular adaptions are _____.
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reversible
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an exogenous agent causing lethal cell injury
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necrosis (opposed from apoptosis or cell suicide)
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4 types of necrosis
which is the most common |
coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat
coagulative is the most common |
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Coagulative necrosis defined
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Hypoxia/Cell deprived of oxygen
cytoplasm and organelles denature into a puddle of protein pyknosis & karyorrhexis Cell membrane ruptures, spilling out organelles |
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Nucleus condenses (_____) and breaks up (_____)
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pyknosis
karyorrhexis |
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Liquifactive necrosis defined:
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Lytic enzymes from lysasomes kill the cell during acute inflammation
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Caseous necrosis defined:
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Chronic inflammatory lesions (granulomas) in TB
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Aptosis procedure
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signal to begin (from inside/outside the cell)
Activation of degradative/catabolic enzymes called caspases Caspases degrade intracellular proteins and nucleic acids, but leave membrane intact Cell morphology changes (yknosis, karyorrhexis) the cell fragments (each fragment is membrane-bound) fragments are phagocytosed by macrophages |
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caspases
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catabolic enzymes involved in apoptosis
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