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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 major components of acute inflammation?
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Inc blood flow
Plasma protein and leukocytes leave circulation Emigration (activation of leukocytes to eliminate agent) |
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Define exudate
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Fluid, protein and blood cells into tissues
Can't see through it Due to blood vessel changes |
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Define transudate
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Low protein content, little debris, plasma
Can see through it No blood vessel changes |
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Define edema
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Excess fluid in serous cavities or tissues
Can be exudate or transudate |
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Define Pus
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Purulent exudate
Contains leukocytes |
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What are the 4 mechanisms of increased vascular permeability?
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Retraction of endothelial cells
Endothelial injury Leukocyte mediated vascular injury Transcytosis |
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Explain the multistep process of leukocyte migration through blood vessels including the mediators and adhesion molecules involved.
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Stick to the wall --> Roll along the wall (selectins) --> adhere to one spot (integrins) --> migrate through to vessel wall
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Know the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules
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Selectins - cause rolling along wall
Integrins - cause adhesion to one spot |
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What is the difference between the early and late cellular infiltrates in inflammation?
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Early (acute) - edema, leukocytes (neutrophils), 6-24 hrs
Late (chronic) - lymphocytes (macrophages), proliferation of BV's and CT |
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What is the functional outcome of recognition of microbes/mediators by G-protein coupled receptors?
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Adhesion to endothelium and migration into tissues
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What is the functional outcome of recognition of microbes/mediators by Toll-like receptors?
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Amplification of inflammatory response
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What is the functional outcome of recognition of microbes/mediators by Cytokine receptors?
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Amplification of inflammatory response
Killing of microbes |
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What is the functional outcome of recognition of microbes/mediators by phagocytic receptors?
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Killing of microbes
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Describe the 3 steps of phagocytosis
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1. Recognition/attachment, zips up microbe into phagosome
2. Phagosome binds to lysosome 3. Lysosome kills contained microbe |
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Know the 5 genetic disorders associated with defects in leukocyte function and their manifestations
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LAD 1 + 2 - Mutated integrins/selectins, neutrophils can't roll or attach
Chronic Granulomatous Disease - Decrease oxidative burst, can't destroy contained microbes MPO deficiency - Decreased microbial killing because of defective MPO system Chediak-Higashi syndrome - Decreased leukocyte functions because of mutations affecting protein involved in lysosomal membrane traffic (lysosomes can't get through membrane) |
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Know the products of the AA pathway
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COX pathway - PGI2, PGE2, PGD2 all cause vasodilation, TXA causes vasoconstriction
5-Lipoxygenase pathway - leukotriene (bronchospasm, inc vascular permeability) |
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What inhibits the entire AA pathway?
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Steroids
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What inhibits the COX pathway?
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COX inhibitors, Aspirin, Indomethicin
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Know the 3 major mediators of acute inflammation and their corresponding actions
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ROS - causes endothelial damage
PAF - many inflammatory effects NO - inhibits inflammation, decreases platelet aggregation, mast cells and leukocyte involvement |
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Know the 2 cytokines involved in acute inflammation and their actions
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TNF and IL-1 - acute inflammation
Produced in activated macrophages Stimulate adhesion molecules |
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What is the function of chemokines?
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Stimulate leukocyte movement and directed movement
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What is the final product of the kinin system?
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Bradykinin - increases vascular permeability, causes pain
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