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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the names of the articulating bones of the knee joint?(2marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Tibia; B. Femur
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In Figure 1, what joint action takes place at the knee of the kicking leg in the movement from position A to position B?(1 mark )
Jan 2011 |
A. Extension.
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What is the name of the main agonist that causes this action in Figure 1(1 mark)
Jan 2011 |
A. Quadriceps/rectus femoris
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Footballers need stamina to play the game effectively. State two classes of food that are most suitable for players who require stamina and why they are needed in their diet.(3 marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Carbohydrates/glucose/sugar; B. Fats/lipids/triglycerides; C. Energy/ATP/respiration.
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Use the information in Figure 2 to explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the two locations. (3 marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Process of diffusion – down a concentration gradient/partial pressures/pO2;
B. Oxygen partial pressure/pO2 higher in alveoli (104)/lower in capillary (40) OR Carbon dioxide partial pressure/pCO2 lower in alveoli (40)/higher in capillary (46); C. Gases move – oxygen from alveoli to capillary and carbon dioxide from capillary to alveoli. |
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The alveoli provide the lungs with a large surface area for diffusion. Name two other structural features of the lungs that assist diffusion.(2marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Large blood supply; B. Thin/semi-permeable membrane for diffusion/one cell thick/walls are thin;C. Short distance for diffusion; D. Layer of moisture; E. Slower blood flow/transit time.
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Sports performers need to be fit. One possible limit to fitness in some activities is body fat. A high ’Body Mass Index’ (BMI) indicates a high percentage body fat and possibly obesity.
How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated? (2marks) Jan 2011 |
A. Height and weight/mass;
B. Weight divided Height 2/ squared. |
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How may obesity affect performance in different activities?(2marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Limits stamina/endurance/cardiovascular/cardio-respiratory endurance;
B. Limits flexibility/mobility; C. Limits agility/speed/power; D. Causes cancer/heart disease/heart attacks/diabetes/high cholesterol/ high fats/high lipids in blood |
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Briefly explain the terms ‘cardiac output’ and ‘stroke volume’, and the relationship between them. (3 marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Cardiac output – ‘the volume/amount of blood pumped from heart/ventricle in one minute;
B. Stroke volume – ‘the volume/amount of blood pumped from the heart/ ventricle in one beat; C. Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate/Q = SV x HR. |
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Use Figure 3 to explain the term cardio-vascular drift. (3 marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Cardio-vascular drift starts after 10 mins; B. Heart/pulse rate increases/beats more and decrease stroke volume/ejection fraction C. Fluid lost as sweat; D. Reduced plasma/blood volume/ increase viscosity; E. Reduced venous return; F. Starling’s Law;
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Explain how it is possible for a trained performer and an untrained performer to have the same cardiac output for a given workload. (2 marks)
Jan 2011 |
A. Different sized hearts/hypertrophy – trained bigger;
B. Different stroke volumes – trained bigger; C. Different heart rates – untrained higher; D. Can only occur at sub maximal workloads; E. At higher workloads untrained will not be able to increase their heart rate sufficiently; F. Different physiques/size untrained bigger. |
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Football is a popular team sport played in the UK. Football players require a good level of stamina if they are to be successful.
What do you understand by the term ‘stamina’ and why is it an important component of fitness for football players? (2 marks) Jan 2012 |
A. Ability to delay the onset of fatigue B. Important because of the duration of the game eg 90 mins;
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Football is a popular team sport played in the UK. Football players require a good level of stamina if they are to be successful.
Name two other components of fitness and, using examples, explain why each component is important in a game of football. (3 marks) Jan 2012 |
B. Power – move body quickly/jump high/shoot/tackle;
C. Speed – get to ball quickly/run fast; D. Flexibility – reach in tackle E. Balance –stay stable/not fall when dribbling; F. Agility –change direction quickly; G. Reaction time –respond quickly/make decisions I. Muscular endurance – repeated skills/ muscle contractions |
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During a game of football, a player’s heart rate will vary.
Explain how changes in the acidity of the blood cause the heart rate to increase during a game of football. (4 marks) Jan 2012 |
A. Blood’s acidity increases/pH lowers;
B. Caused by more carbon dioxide being produced; C. This is detected by chemoreceptors; D. Nerve messages are sent to the medulla (oblongata)/cardiac (control) centre; E. Sympathetic nervous impulses are sent; F. To the Sino-Atrio node/SAN/SA node; G. Decrease in parasympathetic/vagus nerve impulses |
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What term is used to describe a resting heart rate that is below 60 beats per minute? (1 mark)
Jan 2012 |
A. Bradycardia/athletes heart;
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How does a lower resting heart rate affect oxygen delivery to muscles? (2 marks)
Jan 2012 |
A. Less oxygen needed for contractions of heart; B. More oxygen available for muscle contractions;
C. Increased heart rate range |
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Complete Table 1 to identify the ‘main agonist’, the ‘type of muscle contraction’ and the ‘joint action’ at the elbow joint during the movement from Position A to Position B.
Jan 2012 |
A. Triceps (brachii);
B. Concentric/isotonic; C. Extension; |
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Using Figure 1, name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the elbow during the movement from Position A to Position B. (3 marks)
Jan 2012 |
A. First class/order;
B. Correct order – Fulcrum in middle; C. Correct labels – resistance/fulcrum/ effort; |
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During a game, the blood pressure of a player increases. What factors determine the ‘blood pressure’ in arteries? (3 marks)
Jan 2012 |
A. Contraction of the heart/stroke volume/ejection fraction/heart rate;
B. Increased blood flow/cardiac output/Q; C. (Peripheral) resistance/friction/ elasticity of walls; D. Blood viscosity/sweating/loss of fluid; E. Blood vessel length/distance from the heart; F. Blood vessel diameter/ vasoconstriction/vasodilation/lumen size; G. Health factor/atherosclerosis/diet/ stress/drugs/hereditary; H. Age/level of fitness/intensity of exercise; |
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During a game, a player’s arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff) will increase. What is the significance of this increase in a-vO2 diff to the player? (3 marks)
Jan 2012 |
A. Difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood
B. More oxygen is needed/extracted by the muscles; C. Used/needed for energy/ATP production; D. Endurance/stamina/aerobic exercise; E. Leads to improved performance; F. Increased oxygen diffusion at lungs/alveoli/muscle; G. More oxygen in blood; H. More CO2 in blood/produced; |
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We eat different classes of food. One of these classes of food is fat
(i) Describe two benefits to athletes of including ‘fat’ in their diet. (2 marks) Jan 2010 |
A. Used as an energy source
B. Contains fat-soluble vitamins/essential fatty acids C. Acts as insulator D. Slow release/low intensity |
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Too much dietary fat may cause obesity. Which diseases are associated with ‘obesity’? (3 marks)
Jan 2010 |
A. Heart disease/heart attacks
B. Diabetes C. High blood pressure D. High cholesterol E. Stroke F. Lung disease G. Cancer H. Psychosocial problems/depression |
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(i) Which ‘lung volume’ is represented by the letter B. (1 mark) Jan 2010 |
A. B = Inspiratory reserve (volume
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(ii) What would be the effect on the spirometer trace for lung volume A of a period of continuous running? (2 marks)
Jan 2010 |
A. Increase in tidal volume/larger/higher proportion
B. More frequent peaks/closer together |
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How is ‘breathing rate’ controlled to meet the demands of changing levels of exercise?
(4 marks) Jan 2010 |
A. (Exercise/movement) - more carbon dioxide
B. Increased acidity/decrease in pH C. Detected by chemoreceptors D. (Nerve impulses to) respiratory centre/medulla (of brain) E. Phrenic nerve F. Diaphragm/intercostal muscles/sternocleidomastoids/scalene |
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Games players require a good level of stamina if they are to be successful.
What do you understand by the term ‘stamina’ and why is it an important component of fitness for games players? (1 mark) Jan 2010 |
A. Ability to delay the onset of fatigue/equiv/important because game lasts more than 20 mins/length of match/equiv
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(ii) Explain how different lifestyle choices can positively and negatively affect a games player’s stamina. (4 marks)
Jan 2010 |
Stamina reduced by:
B. Lack of exercise – reduces stamina C. Diet – overweight/obese – extra tissue D. Alcohol – damages heart/affects concentration Stamina increased by: E. Not smoking – improved breathing F. Training – improved fitness G. Care with diet – correct weight H. No alcohol – remain alert |
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The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name:
(i) the ‘axis’ about which the movement is taking place (1 mark) Jan 2010 |
A. Transverse axis/horizontal axis
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The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name(ii) the main ‘agonist’ causing the movement (1 mark)
Jan 2010 |
A. Quadriceps/rectus femoris
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The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name (iii) the ‘joint action’ taking place
Jan 2010 |
A. Extension/flexion to extension
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During a game, a player’s work rate will vary. Describe how the ‘parasympathetic’ and the ‘sympathetic’ nerve pathways control heart rate during a game. (4 marks)
Jan 2010 |
A. Controlled by medulla/cardiac centre
B. Sympathetic pathway increases heart rate C. By release of adrenaline/noradrenaline D. Increase stroke volume/ejection fraction E. Parasympathetic decreases HR F. By vagus nerve G. Production of Acetylcholine H. (Both) act on sino atrial node/SAN |
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(a) (i) What do you understand by the term balanced diet? (1 mark) Jan 2013 |
A. Sufficient/enough/correct amount of each component 1
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Briefly explain how two different named classes of food in an athlete’s diet will aid his/her performance. (2 marks)
Jan 2013 |
A. Sufficient carbohydrates for energy
B. Sufficient fats for energy C. Sufficient protein – (muscle) growth/repair development D. Sufficient minerals – bone formation/muscle function/increased (energy) metabolism/ electrolyte balance/blood formation/equiv E. Sufficient vitamins – increased (energy) metabolism F. Sufficient water – medium for reactions/lubricant/ regulate temperature/avoid dehydration |
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Describe two characteristics of veins which assist the transport of blood. (2 marks)
Jan 2013 |
A. Thinner muscle/elastic tissue layer
B. Valves C. Wider lumen/diameter D. Blood at low pressure |
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Explain how redistribution of blood occurs during exercise. (3 marks)
Jan 2013 |
A. Increase in CO2 levels/acidity/ decrease in O2 levels/pH/ chemoreceptors B. Movement of joints/tendons/ mechanoreceptors/proprioceptors C. Vasomotor centre/medulla D. Autonomic/sympathetic nervous system/(nor)adrenaline E. Pre-capillary sphincters/rings of circular/smooth muscle F. Vasodilation to areas needing blood/muscles G. Vasoconstriction of areas not needing so much blood/liver/ gut |
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Explain why blood flow to the brain remains the same during rest and during maximum effort. (2 marks)
Jan 2013 |
A. Brain function maintained during exercise
B. Oxygen/nutrients required |
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Using Table 1, explain why performers should not eat immediately before exercise. (2 marks)
Jan 2013 |
A. During exercise, less blood goes to the gut/change from 1250cm3 to 375cm3
B. But, blood/oxygen needed in gut for digestion of food C. Less blood/oxygen available to muscles |
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State one mechanical advantage and one mechanical disadvantage of the lever system that is being used at the right ankle as the runner in Figure 1 moves from Position A to Position B. (2 marks)
Jan 2013 |
Advantages A. Larger forces generated/longer force/effort arm
B. Easy to move heavy/large weight Disadvantages C. Limited range of movement D. Limited/reduced speed of movement |
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Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles. (4 marks)
Jan 2013 |
A. Process of diffusion – high concentration/partial pressure to low/down a diffusion gradient
B. Requires thin/permeable membranes/short distance C. High pO2 in blood D. Low pCO2 in blood E. Oxygen into myoglobin/ (disassociates) from haemoglobin F. Carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma/ combines with haemoglobin/forms bicarbonate ion |
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When a performer is running, blood is redirected to the working muscles. Explain how this redistribution of blood is achieved. 3 marks
June 2009 |
1. Increased metabolic activity/increased carbon dioxide/increased lactic acid/drop in pH in the blood/increased acidity
2. Detected by chemoreceptors 3. Message to medulla/vasomotor control centre 4. Autonomic/sympathetic system/adrenaline 5. Pre-capillary sphincters/arterioles 6. Vasoconstriction – to organs 7. Vasodilation – to muscles |
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How does running assist the venous return mechanism?(2 marks)
June 2009 |
1. Action of muscles contracting compresses veins
2. Veins have one way valves/to prevent backflow 3. Change in pressure/size of chest 4. Blood pushed towards heart |
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Performers in team games such as netball need to be suitably prepared to meet the demands of the game.
In order to play netball effectively, performers need to be fit. What do you understand by the term fitness?(1 mark) June 2009 |
1. Ability to meet everyday demands/to cope
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Discuss whether you must be healthy in order to be fit. (2marks)
June 2009 |
1. Healthy – social, mental and physical well-being 2. Can be fit and healthy 3. Can be fit and unhealthy
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Netball players should have a suitably balanced diet for their sport. What do you understand by the term balanced diet?
(1 mark) June 2009 |
1. Food intake containing sufficient amounts (enough but not excess) of all the nutrients required/energy balance
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a netball player having a diet rich in fat? (4 marks)
June 2009 |
Advantages
1. Energy source 2. Aerobic/low intensity/slow release 3. Source of vitamins Disadvantages 5. Excess mass/weight/obesity 6. Bad for stamina/endurance 7. Limits range of movement/flexibility 8. Performer too warm/may overheat/limits heat loss |
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How is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the increasing demands of exercise during a game of netball?(4 marks)
June 2009 |
1. Increased carbon dioxide/lactic acid/acidity 2. Detected by chemoreceptors/baroreceptors
3. In carotid arteries/aortic arch 4. Nerve impulses to respiratory centre/medulla 5. Nerve impulses to breathing muscles/diaphragm/intercostal muscles 6. Phrenic nerve 7. Deeper and faster breathing |
