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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What demographic invests more?
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Older
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Inclusive Fitness
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fitness of an individual is dependant on the survival and reproductive success of their offspring.
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Costs of Care
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CAN'T find new mates CAN'T have more offspring RISK of protecting offspring |
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Lack Trade Off
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Size of the Brood impacts the fitness of the brood. More chicks = smaller chicks |
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Paternity uncertainty occurs when fertilisation is...
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internal
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male care
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rare in most commmon in teleosts and birds |
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matrilineal bias
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related females care more for each others young because there is more certainty of relatedness
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mating opportunity cost
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care of offspring leads to missed mating opportunity. Costs are higher for males as reproductive success is limited by mate access |
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male surplus
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more male care
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female surplus
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less male care
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Other factors affecting male care
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population density attractivness of male as short term rate |
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Galilee St Peters fish Mouth brooding
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less costly for male females suffer smaller second broods and longer brood periods |
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care in monogamy
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equal
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Care in promiscuous
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no male care
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care in polygamy
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intermediate levels of male care
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female enforced monogamy
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burying beetle females prevent males from releasing female attracting pheromone |
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care in mammals
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largely only females internal fertilisation |
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care in teleosts
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rare but usually males because of external fertilistaion
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theories for male parental care in external ferilisers |
increased certainty of parenthood order of gametes released (female then male) association with the embryo (females aren't directly associated) |
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Dunnock male care is affected by....
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amount of time spent with the female
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Kin recognition cues
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born into group imprinting (geese) chemical cues (rove beetle) |
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why do unrelated parents care for young?
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high cost of mistakenly removing/not feeding an "invader" Mafia hypothesis |
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examples of mistaken care/nest parasites |
Cuckoo Cuckoo duck Sea birds coots (lay in other coots nests) |
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how much care
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provide care up to point where the diminishing return of benefits is out weighed by the cost
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when should no care evolve
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where cost of care outweighs the benefit even for just one unit of offspring
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ability to invest
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Age status condition experience/parity liklihood of mortality current vs future reproductive sucess |
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need for investment by offspring
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age/sex (birth order) probability of mortality demographic profile requirement for growth/protection potential RS as adult |
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why might males invest less?
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paternnity uncertainty huypothesis mating opportunity cost hypothesis (higher for males) |
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HUMAN examples of parental care
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two studies by Anderson et al 1999, provision of support given to children is most when he is related to the child of their current partner and is coresiding. Dependant on mating and parenting effort. |
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HUMAN Grandparent investment
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matralineal bias more certain, grandchild is definitely r0.25 |
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Infanticide
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widespread, not normative
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reasons for infanticide
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paternity uncertainity lack of parental resources child of a widow is likely to die before remarrage poor offspring quality physically or circumstances around birth |
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HUMAN sex biased parental investment
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Trivers-willard hypothesis (not initially written for humans, mor evidence in animals) if maternal condition affects the reproductive success of their sons or daughtersdifferently they will bias their offspring sex ratio accordingly |
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MALES survive best when
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resources are rich
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FEMALES survive...
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equally in all environments but have and advantage over males in poor conditions
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Trivers Willard predictions in hypergynous system
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daughters marry up, more valuable in lower ranks males marry down, more valuable in high ranks |
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___ provide differential favouritism based on size of young
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burying beetle
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