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293 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two helminths coexist together? |
Whipworm and Ascaris lumbricoides |
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What in the #1 helminth parasite infection in the world? |
A. lumbricoides |
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What is the #2 helminth parasite infection in the USA? |
A. lumbricoides |
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How many eggs can the female A. lumbricoides lay in a day? |
200,000 |
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Where do adult A. lumbricoides live? |
Small intestines; free and unattached for upto a year |
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How large are the adults in A. lumbricoides? |
Male: 15-35cm Female: 22-35cm |
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High fever and anesthesia can promote what in A. lumbricoides? |
Migration
Can tangle and block intestines and migrate to other organs (liver, lungs)
Can exit through mouth, nose, and tear ducts |
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What are the symptoms in a light infection in A. lumbricoides? |
no symtoms
to mild pain and vomiting |
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What are the symptoms in a heavy infection in A. lumbricoides? |
Intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain, nutritional depletion
May hamper growth in young children |
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Where do larvae migrate in A. lumbricoides? |
Through the lungs; causes an immune response: pneumonitis, cough, asthma, edema, low grade fever, eosinophilia, hives after sensitization |
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How do you treat a A. lumbricoides infection? |
Mebendazole piperazine |
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What is the laboratory diagnosis in A. lumbricoides? |
Eggs in feces |
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What is the size/appearance of A. lumbricoides egg? |
75um x 50um mammilated embryo inside, thick shell, brown bile stain
Unfertilized: 90 um x 45um thin shell
decorticated: more elongated and refractile |
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What is the infective stage of A. lumbricoides? |
embryonated eggs |
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What is the geographical location that A. lumbricoides is found? |
Warm climates
Areas of poor sanitation
Tropics/Subtropics
Appalachia and parts of the USA |
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What is the geographical location of Ancylostoma duodenale? |
Southern Europe North coast of Africa SE Asia S American tropics and subtropics |
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What is the geographical location of Necator americanus? |
Souther USA Caribbean Central America Nother S. America SE Asia Central and South America |
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Which hookworm has "teeth"? |
Ancylostoma duodenale |
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Which hookworm has " cutting plates"? |
Necator Americanus |
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What do hookworms secrete to gain nutrients? |
anticoagulants; inhibiting host absorption effecting physical and mental development of children |
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What is the size of adult hookworms? |
Male: 5-11mm Female: 9-13mm |
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What is the diagnostic stage in hookworm? |
Eggs in feces |
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What is the infective stage in hookworm? |
Filariform larvae |
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How is the host infected with hookworm? |
By penetrating skin |
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How is the host infected in A. lumbricoides? |
Ingestion of soil-contaminated hands or food |
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The initial infection with hookworm is associated with what symptom? |
"Ground itch" or "Dew itch"
initial small red itchy papule on feet |
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Where do hookworm larvae migrate? |
Into lungs and no host sensitization
Can result in intra-alveolar hemorrhage and mild pneumonia, cough, sore throat, bloody sputum, and headache in heavy infection |
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Where are adult hookworms found in the host? |
small intestines |
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What are the clinical symptoms in an acute hookworm infection? |
iron-deficiency anemia (microcytic, hypochromic) pica enteritis, pain, weakness, dizziness |
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What are the clinical symptoms in a chronic hookworm infection? |
slight anemia weight loss non-specific symptoms Usual form of infection |
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What do hookworm eggs look like? |
55-75um x 35-40um clear, thin shelled, multicelled embryo within |
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What is the treatment for hookworm? |
Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoate |
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What does the adult A. duodenale look like? |
teeth in buccal cavity 10-12mm |
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What does the adult in N. americanus look like? |
cutting plates in buccal cavity 7-10mm |
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What is the geographical location in Strongyloides stercoralis? |
tropical subtropical |
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What is another name for Strongyloides stercoralis? |
theradworm |
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What are the two forms of S. stercoralis? |
Parasitic- small female (2-3mm) in intestinal mucosa; can cause unisexual reproduction
Free-living- assures perpetuation of parasite when no host is available |
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What is the infective form of S. stercoralis? |
Filariform larvae: 630um x 16um |
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What is the diagnostic form of S. stercoralis? |
Rhabditiform larvae: 380um x 20um |
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What are the three forms of S. stercoralis? |
Direct Indirect Autoinfection |
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What is a direct infection of S. sterocarlis? |
penetrates the skin just like hookworm |
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What is an indirect infection of S. sterocralis? |
free living adult in soil |
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What is an autoinfection of S. sterocralis? |
the rhabditiform larvae are delayed in passage and mature to infective form |
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What is a hyperinfection of S. sterocralis? |
1. entry 2. spread via blood 3. infection- to lungs 4. egg deposited in mucosa 5. disease: pneumonia, malabsorption, mucosal damage, diarrhea 6. larvae exit |
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What clinical manifestation is common in a S. stercralis infection? |
eosinophilia |
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What is the treatment for a S. stercoralis infection? |
Ivermectin |
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What does the rhabditifrom larvae of S. stercoralis look like? |
short buccal cavity "hour glass" esophagus and prominent genital primoridum |
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What specimens can S. stercoralis be found in? |
Stool, sputum, duodenal aspirates |
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How does the host become infected with Trichuris trichiura? |
Fecal to oral route |
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What is the geographical distribution of Trichuris trichiura? |
In warm climates and areas of poor sanitation
Common in children and institutionalized mentally retarded |
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What is Trichuris trichiura commonly known as? |
Whipworm |
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What is the adult morphology of T. trichiura |
anterior portion burrows in the mucosa of the lumen of the colon
Male: 30-45mm Female: 35-50mm |
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What are the clinical manifestations of a light T. trichiura infection? |
asymptomatic; no treatment needed |
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What are the clinical manifestations of a heavy T. trichiura infection? |
Bloody diarrhea with mucus Abdominal pain and tenderness Weight loss and weakness Nausea, vomiting, constipation, flatulence |
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What is a serious complication of a T. trichiura infection? |
Rectal prolapse |
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What is the treatment in T. trichiura? |
Albendazole Mebendazole |
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What is diagnostic stage of T. trichiura? |
Unembryonated egg |
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What does the unembryonated egg look like? |
"barrel-shaped" brown hyaline "plugs" |
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What is the most common helminth infection in the USA? |
Enterobius vermicularis |
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What is the geographic distribution in Enterobius vermicularis? |
Temperate climate Can be found worldwide
Group infection in children common ages 5-10 Increased incident in Caucasians |
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What is Enterobius vermicularis also known as? |
"pinworm" "seatworm" |
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What is the morphology of Enterobius vermicularis? |
Live in cecum of the colon
Male: 2-5mm Female: 8-13mm |
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What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis? |
Albendazole Mebendazole |
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What are all the clinical manifestations of E. vermicularis associated with? |
migration of the adult gravid female out from the anus to lay her egg on the perianal region at night
hypersensitivity; perianal itching
1/3 are asymptomatic, irritation of mucosa, insomnia, irritability, vaginal/vulva irritation |
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How is E. vermicularis diagnosed? |
clear flattened "football" shaped egg containing a "tadpole-like" larvae |
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How are eggs recovered in E. vermicularis? |
with cellophane tape |
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What is Taenia saginata also known as? |
Beef tapeworm |
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How many people worldwide are infected with T. saginata? |
60 million infected worldwide |
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What is the geographic location of T. saginata? |
Common in developing countries SW USA |
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Taenia solium is also called? |
Pig tapeworm |
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What is the geographic location of T. solium? |
Developing countries |
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How many people are infected with T. solium? |
4 million |
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What can T. solium cause? |
Cysticerosis |
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What geographical locations are cysticerosis found? |
Mexico, Central and South America |
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How are humans infected with Taenia? |
By eating infected or inadequately cooked pork or beef containing cysticerci |
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What is the infective stage of Taenia? |
Cycticerci |
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What is the diagnostic stage of Taenia? |
gravid proglottid eggs |
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What are the intermediate host of Taenia spp |
T. solium: pig T. saginata: cattle |
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Taeniasis |
infection by the adult Taenia (T. saginata or T. solium)
Causing diarrhea, constipation, indigestion |
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What is the infective stage of cysticercosis? |
embryonated eggs of T. solium infecting muscle and subcutaneous tissues associated with neurological disease |
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What is the lab diagnosis of Taenia spp.? |
31-43um diameter, brown shell
oncosphere have 6 hooks |
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How to diagnose cysticercosis |
serology MRI Papiliedema (edema of the optic disk) |
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Adult morphology of Taenia spp. |
T. solium: 3-5 meters long T. saginata: 4-8 meters long |
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Where does T. saginata develop |
muscle viscera |
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Where does T. solium develop? |
brain, skin, muscle |
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Taenia spp. rostellum? |
T. saginata- no rostellum T. solium- rostellum and hooks |
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Scolex of adult Taenia spp. |
T. saginata- no hooks T. solium- hooks |
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Proglottids Uterine branch in Taenia |
T. saginata: 23 T. solium: 8 |
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Passing of proglottids in Taenia |
T. saginata: single, spontaneous T. solium: in groups, passively |
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Ovary and Vagina in Taenia spp. |
T. saginata: two lobes and present T. solium: three lobes and absent |
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Treating Adult taenia spp. infection |
Praziquantel NoclosamideT |
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Treatment of Cysticercosis |
Albendazole Praziquantel Must treat seziures May require surgery |
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What is the geographic location of D. latum? |
Countries bordering baltic sea Russia Switzerland Great Lakes |
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What is the largest tapeworm found in man? |
Diphyllobothrium latum |
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Host for D. latum? |
Human, dog, cat, and pig |
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What is another name for D. latum? |
Broad tapeworm or Fish tapeworm proglottids wider than long |
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What are the intermediate hosts of D. latum |
Copepods (coracidium larva) Fish (pike, perch, trout)- (plerocercoid) |
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What is the diagnostic stage in D. latum? |
Unembryonated eggs passed in the feces |
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What is the infective stage in D. latum? |
plerocercoid larvae |
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What are the symptoms associated with D. latum? |
Pernicous anemia- Vitamin B12 deficiency Mostly generally mild: eosinophilia, obstruction, abdominal pain, diarrhea |
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Sparganosis |
accidental ingestion of copepod |
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What is the lab diagnosis of D. latum? |
Egg in stool (formylether) 58-75um x 40-50um
Has a operculum and small knob at other end
Proglottids can be found in stool |
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How do you treat D. latum? |
Praziquantel Niclosamide |
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How is the host infected with D. latum? |
Eating raw or pickled fish |
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Hymenolepis diminuta is also called? |
Rat tapeworm Adults 20-60cm in length |
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Where is H. diminuta found? |
In rodents/ rarely in humans |
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Where is H. diminuta found? |
Worldwide |
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What does H. nana infect |
Humans |
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Where is H. nana found? |
Cosmopolitan; more common in children |
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What is H. nana also called? |
Dwarf tapeworm |
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What is the most common tapeworm worldwide? |
H. nana Adult: 15-40mm in length |
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Intermediate host that is possible in H. nana? |
insect but not needed (cysticercoid) |
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Where are adult H. nana found? |
Small intestines |
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Clinical symptoms in H. nana? |
asymptomatic, maybe associated with autoinfection
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Treatment of H. nana? |
Niclosamide |
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H. nana lab diagnosis? |
Eggs in stool (formylether concentration) spherical or ovoid
30-47 um in diameter 4-8 polar filaments |
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Echinococcus granulosus is also known as |
Dog tapeworm or hydatid tapeworm |
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What is E. granulosus associated with? |
sheep can be associated with domestic herding dogs |
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What is the geographic location of E. granulosus? |
SW USA, Alaska Canada Africa, Middle East, Australia, S. America |
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Where is E. granulosus found? |
canines, foxes, coytoes, or rodents |
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How is E. granulosus found in humans? |
As a cyst (epithelium lined cavity containing liquid or semisolid material) Look for protoscolexes in cyst fluid 31-43um diameter, brown shell 6 hooks in oncosphere |
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What are the symptoms of E. granulosus? |
Cyst in liver: no symptoms until large, jaundice Cyst in lungs: no symptoms until large enough
Anaphylactic shock with rupture Eosinophilia, urticaria, and bronchospasm |
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Diagnosis of E. granulosus? |
Serology MRI
Cyst: protoscolexes in cyst fluid, cyst wall 31-43um diameter; brown shell, oncosphere has 6 hooks |
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Dipylidium caninum geographic distribution? |
Europe, China, Philippines, Japan, Argentina US |
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How does an infection occur in Dipylidium caninum? |
Accidental ingestion of dog or cat flea |
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What is another name for Dipylidium caninum? |
Flea tapeworm |
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What is the intermediate host in D. caninum? |
Dog or cat flea larvae |
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What is the definitive host in D. caninum? |
Dogs, cats, foxes, and children infected when adult flea ingested |
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Lab diagnosis of D. caninum? |
Egg packets or gravid proglottids |
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What is the treatment D. caninum? |
Praziquantel Prevention: prevent flea infestation, wash hands after playing with pets |
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Fasciolopsis buski geographic distribution? |
Asia, China, Idonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, Bangladesh, India |
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What is the infective stage of Fasciolopsis buski? |
metacercariae |
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What are the intermediate hosts in F. buski? |
Snail Water plants (metaccercariae)-night soil used as fertilizer |
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Where is the adult F. buski located? |
Small intestines |
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What is the diagnostic stage in F. buski? |
Unembroynated eggs |
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What is the infective stage in F. buski? |
metacercariae on water plants |
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Who is the host in F. buski? |
Humans, Pigs |
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Where are the F. buski adults located? |
Small intestines |
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What is a F. buski infection associated with? |
Eosinophilia Light infection: asymptomatic Heavy infections: mucosal ulcers, abdominal pain, nausea, anemia, diarrhea and malabsorption, death can occur |
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F. buski/F hepatica lab diagnosis? |
Eggs in stool: 130-150um with thin shell indistinct operculum filled with yolk cells |
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Fasciola hepatica is also called? |
Sheep liver fluke |
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Where is F. hepatica found? |
Worldwide in sheep raising areas |
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Who is the definitive host in F. hepatica? |
Sheep Humans accidental from eating unwashed watercress |
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Intermediate host in F. hepatica? |
Egg embryonated in water--> miracidia Snail (sporocyst->rediae->cerceriae) watercress (metacercariae) |
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Where are adult F. hepatica found? |
bile duct (migrate through intestinal wall, peritoneal, cavity, and liver into biliary ducts |
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What is the infective stage of F. hepatica? |
metacercariae |
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What is the diagnostic stage of F. hepatica? |
Unembroynated eggs |
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False fascioliasis |
eating liver with Fasciola eggs |
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Symptoms in F. hepatica |
Major Symptoms: Mechanical irritation toxic worm metabolites mechanical obstruction
Fever, jaundice, eosinophilia, portal cirrhosis, bile duct obstruction, diarrhea, anemia |
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Treatment of F. hepatica |
Triclabendazole with bithionol bithionol |
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Adult fluke F. hepatica |
2-3 cm long |
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Adult fluke F. buski |
7 cm |
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Where are F. buski adults found? |
Intestines |
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What does F. buski infect? |
Pigs, Dogs, rabbits, humans |
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What is the geographic distribution of Metagonimus yokogawai |
1.2% Korean China SE Asia Israel Russia Spain Egypt |
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Where are Heterophyes Heterophyes found? |
Near East Far east Parts of Africa |
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How are humans infected with M. yokogawai and H. heterophyes |
by ingesting metacercariae in undercooked fish |
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What is the infective stage of M. yokogawai/ H. heterophyes? |
metacercariae |
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Where are the adults found in M. yokogawai/H. heterophyes |
Small intestines |
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What are the intermediate hosts in M. yokogawai/H. heterophyes? |
Embryonated in water Snail (cercariae): sporocyst--> rediae-->cercariae Fish (encyst to outside of fish as a metacercariae) |
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What is the diagnostic stage in M. yokogawai/H. heterophyes? |
embryonated egg |
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Metagonimus and Heterophyes clinical manifestation? |
Worms that travel to heart or brain and produced granulomas diarrhea abdominal
Generally asymptomatic |
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How to diagnose Metagonimus/ Heterophyes |
Finding eggs in stools (formylether conc) has operculum small knob on opposite end Metagonimus: 26-30um by 15-20um Heterophyes: 28-30um by 15-17um |
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Treatment for M. yokogawai/Heterophyes |
Praziquantel |
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What is Clonorchis sinensis also called |
oriental liver fluke |
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Where is C. sinensis located? |
Far east: Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam |
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Who is the host in C. sinensis? |
Fish eating mammals |
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What's the most important reservoir for C. sinensis? |
Dogs and cats |
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How are humans infected with C. sinensis? |
metacercariae in undercooked fish |
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Where do the adult C. sinensis live? |
small and medium sized bile ducts
metacercaria excyts in the duodenum ascend biliary tract |
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Intermediate hosts for C. sinensis? |
embryonated-->miracidia Snail (miracidia-->sporocysts-->rediae-->cercariae) Fish (metacercariae) |
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What is the diagnostic stage in C. sinensis? |
embryonated eggs in feces |
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Clinical symptoms of C. sinensis? |
up to 50 eggs asymptomatic
Heavy burden (>500 eggs) causes serious illness: fever, diarrhea, epigastric pain, enlarged tender liver, jaundice, may invade liver---> cholecystitis |
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Lab diagnosis of C. sinensis? |
Use an Entero-test operculum and small apopercular knob 27-35um by 11-20um long shell can be covered in debris |
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Treatment of C. sinensis |
Albendazole Praziquantel
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How to prevent a C. sinensis infectiion? |
Not eating raw, pickled or undercooked fish |
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Paragonimus Westermani is also called |
Lung fluke |
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What is the geographic distribution of P. westermani? |
Far East, China, Africa, South America |
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What is P. westermani associated with? |
Crabs and crayfish |
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Where is P. westermani found? |
humans and animals |
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How are humans infected with P. westermani? |
metacercariae in undercooked crabs or crayfish |
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What are the intermediate hosts in P. westermani? |
Unembryonated--> embryonated Snail (miracidia-->sporocysts-->rediae-->cercariae) Crustacean (cercariae) |
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What is the diagnostic stage in P. westermani? |
unembryonated eggs |
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Where are adult P. westermani located? |
Lungs; fever and inflammatory reaction; sputum blood tinged: Charcot-Leyden crystals (rusty iron fillings)
Cerebral calcifications may develop
possibly: abdominal paragonimiasis |
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Where can diagnostic stage be found |
In stool or sputum |
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Clinical manifestations of P. westermani |
Lung cyst: rusty sputum (Charcot-Leyden crystals) Hemoptysis- resembles TB Cerebral calcifications possible |
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Lab diagnosis of P. westermani |
In sputum or stool (formylether concentrate) 80-100 um by 45-65 um operculum and small knob
Chest x-ray or ELISA |
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Treatment of P. westermani |
Praziquantel bithionol |
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Prevention of P. westermani |
Careful of eating raw, pickled, or undercooked crab or crayfish |
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What is the geographical distribution of Schistosoma spp |
S. japonicum: China, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia
S. mansoni: W. & C. Africa, Egypt, Malagasy, Arabian penninsula, Brazil, Surinam, Venezuela, West Indies
S. heamatobium: Africa, India, Middle East |
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What's the second most prevalent parasitic disease in the world |
Schistosoma spp 200 million infected 800,000 deaths |
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Schistosoma adults |
Female resides in the gynecophoral canal of the shorter more robust male |
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What is the infective stage of schistosoma spp |
cercaria penetrates skin |
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What is the intermediate host in schistosoma? |
(miricida hatch and enter snail) snail (sporocysts become cecaria) cecaria leave the snail |
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Where does the adult S. japonicum live? |
superior mesenteric vein
a zoonosis (typical host dogs, cats, and cattle) |
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Schistomsoma mansoni adult lives: |
Inferior mesenteric vein in the lower colon
man, baboon, and rats host |
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Clinical manifestations of Schistosomas |
Swimmer's itch Eggs: granulomas and ulceration Eggs in portal vein cause: portal hypertension and splenomegaly
Katayama fever- High fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, eosophilia, dysentary |
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Is mansoni or japonicum more severe? |
Japonicum |
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Diagnosis of Schistosoma |
Eggs in stool or rectal biopsy (formylether conc)
S. mansoni: lateral spine 114-175um
S. japonicum: 68-100um long small lateral spin |
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Another name for swimmer's itch |
Cecarial dermatitis |
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What do adult S. haematobium live? |
inferior mesenteric veins |
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Where are S. haematobium eggs deposited? |
in the wall of the bladder |
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What is the definitive host for S. haematobium? |
Humans |
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S. haematobium clinical manifestations |
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What is chronic S. haematobium infection associated with? |
Squamous cell bladder cancer |
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Laboratory findings for S. haematobium |
From bladder biopsy, urine sample, rectal snip: iodine stain terminal spine |
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Treatment of Schistosoma spp |
Praziquantel avoid exposure to water harboring snails |
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Entamoeba histolytica/dispar geographic distribution? |
amebic dysentary worldwide contaminated water outbreaks in households or institiuutions |
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Clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar |
asymptomatic
10% develop invasive disease; dysentary, extra-intestinal lesions
sexual transmission rectal or perirectal abscess |
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Speciemen for Entamoeba histolytica/dispar |
3 stool samples; formalin ethyl acetate conc.
Serology
Pus or drainage from abscess |
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica; differentiate from dispar |
must find ingested RBC's to identify E. histolytica trophs |
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Entamoeba histolytica/dispar immature cyst: |
1-2 nuclei glycogen mass |
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Entamoeba histolytica/dispar mature cyst: |
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Trophozoites Entamoeba histolytica/dispar |
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Cysts Entamoeba histolytica/dispar |
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Treatment of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar |
Metronidazole tinidazole Don't use antidiarrheal |
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Prevention of E. histolytica/dispar |
filter water boil water chlorinate water |
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Where are intestinal amoeba found? |
world wide same location as E. histolytica person exposed to fecal contamination |
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What is the diagnostic stage of other amoeba |
cysts trophs |
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What is the infective stage of other amoeba |
cyst |
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Where do non-pathogen amoebas cyst excyst |
In the colon no ingested RBCs |
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Clinical manifestations and treatment? |
Not considered pathogens Treatment not recommended |
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Entamoeba coli cyst: |
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Entamoeba hartmanni Trophozoite |
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Entamoeba hartmanni cyst |
chromotoidal bars rare |
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Endolimax nana cyst |
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Endolimax nana trophozoite |
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Iodamoeba butschlii cyst |
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Giardia lamblia/intestinals/ duodenalis distribution |
worldwide most common intestinal parasite in the us (flagellate) called beaver fever |
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Giardiasis |
common cause of waterborne disease sexually transmitted Low infective dose in humans (10-25 cysts) Symptoms begin 1-2 wks after infection typically late summer and fall |
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Where is giardiasis confined to? |
lumen of the small intestines |
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Diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia |
cyst troph |
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Infective stage of giardia lamblia |
ingestion of cyst |
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Life cycle of Giardia lamblia |
cyst fecal-oral route excyst in sm. intestines cyst produces 2 trophs attach to mucosa via ventral sucking trophs encyst passed in feces |
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Clinical manifestation of Giardia lamblia |
50% asymptomatic symptomatic: mal-absorption: steatorrhea |
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Treatment of Girardia lamblia |
metronidazole tinidazole |
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What tests can be used for Giardia lamblia |
cysts or trophs in stool enterotest Antigen detection (Rapid or ELISA) |
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Staining giardia lambli specimen |
wet mount formalin tube concentrated: iodine wet mount PVA: trichrome stain |
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Giardia lamblia cyst |
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Giardia lamblia troph |
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Trichomonas vaginalis distribution |
worldwide most common protoza (flagellate) in industrialized countries higher prevalence in women higher prevalence in those with more sexual partners |
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Infective stage of Trichomonas vaginalis |
trophozoite |
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Diagnostic stage of T. vaginalis |
trophozoite |
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Treatment of T. vaginalis |
Metronidazole Tinidazole |
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Clinical manifestations of T. vaginalis in women |
Symptomatic: vaginal inflammation, yellow frothy discharge, painful urination |
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Clinical manifestations of T. vaginalis in men |
Asymptomatic possible epididymitis and prostatitis |
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Specimen collecting in T. vaginalis |
wet mount of vaginal secretions or urethral discharge
must see movement of trophs
Pouch TV system |
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Lab diagnosis of T. vaginalis |
trophozoites movement on wet mount 7-30um long tear shaped |
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Dientamoeba fragilis geographic distribution |
worldwide only a troph stage associated with helminth infection |
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Diagnostic/infective stage of Dientamoeba fragilis |
trophozoite |
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Clinical symptoms of DIentamoeba fragilis |
asymptomatic ass. with mucous diarrhea |
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Lab diagnosis of D. fragilis |
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Chilomastix mesnili |
worldwide, warmer climates largest flagellate in man 6% or world infected indicator of fecal contamination |
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Diagnostic and infective stage of C. mesnili |
cyst |
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Life cycle of C. mesnili |
ingest cyst fecal-oral route cysts excysts in large/small intestines troph live in cecum/colon cysts and trophs passed in feces |
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Diagnosis of C. mesnili |
Lemon shaped trophs 6-24um unidirectional movement
Cyst large single nucleus 6-10um coiled filament |
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Blastocystis hominis distribution |
worldwide one of the most common parasites found in US stool samples |
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Infective/diagnostic stages of B. hominisn |
Thick walled cyst |
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Balntidium coli distribution |
worldwide, warm climates pigs are an animal resevoir |
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Clinical presentation of B. coli |
asymptomatic may resemble amebiasis |
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Infective stage B. coli |
cyst |
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Diagnostic stage B. coli |
cyst trophs |
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Life cycle B.coli |
ingest cyst excyst in sm intestines troph live in large intestines trophs encyst to produce infective cyst mature cyst pass in feces |
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B. coli diagnostic |
trophs in stool or endoscopy samples Preserved stain multiple stools |
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Rapid tests for Giardia and cryptosporidiium |
DFA ELISA EIA |
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Nematoda are part of what Phylum? |
Nemathelminthes |
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Trematoda and Cestoda are part of what phylum? |
Platyheminthes |
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Amoebas and Flagellates are part of what class and phylum? |
Class: Sarcomastigophora Phylum: Protozoa
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How many people worldwide are infected with soil transmitted heminths? |
1 billion people |
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Where is the larval stage of Nematodes? |
can be located outside of the intestinal tract |
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What location in the body are adult nematodes found? |
Intestinal tract |
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What is the only known host of Hookworm? |
Humans |
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How many people harbor hookworms? |
900 million people |
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Trichuris trichiura host? |
Human |
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Only known host for Pinworm? |
Humans |
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Prevention of Pinworm? |
Decontamination of environment and treatment of other family members |
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Strobila: |
entire body |
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Scolex: |
anterior end (head) used for attachment to intestins |
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Rostellum: |
extreme anterior end |
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Proglottids |
each of the segments; more mature near the posterior end |
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Next step for Cysticerci in Taenia spp |
protoscolexes in the cysticerci envaginate and pass into the small intestines |
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Largest tapeworm in man? |
D. latum |
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What happens to D. latum embryonated eggs once they're passed in feces? |
develop into coracidium larva that are eaten by copepod
The copepod is eaten by a fish; develops into a plerocoid larva (infective stage) |
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Differentiating symptoms of raw fish ingestion: |
Chlonorchiasis: jaundice, liver enlarged, tender, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite
D. latum: Irritability, numbness, tingling, increased heart rate, weakness, vague abdominal discomfort |
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H. nana infective stage |
embryonated stage |
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What happens to unembryonated eggs in F. buski |
umbryonated eggs embryonate in the water, miracidia hatch and infect snail. Free swimming cercariae released. Metacercariae on water plant |
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What stain can you use for S. mansoni? |
Modified acid-fast positive
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Heavy infection in males with S. haematobium causes |
scrotal lymphadenopathy |
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Trophozoite characteristics |
feeding motile replication |
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Cyst characteristics |
Resistant Infective (encystment/excystation) |
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Fresh specimens are needed for/ direct wet mount? |
motility for trophs (amebae, flagellates, ciliates, Strongyloides) |
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ELISA is for |
E. histolytica |
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Formalin is used for? |
Concentrates for eggs, cysts, larvae |
