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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 progressive elements of Palmer's idea of the subluxation?
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1. vertebral misalignment_
2. narrowing of the IVF_ 3. nerve pressure_ 4. interference with nerve function |
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What term is used by practitioners of manual medicine that refers to some sort of disturbance of internal function of a vertebral unit?
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segmental dysfunction
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myotendious
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Altered muscle tone accompanied by painful response to pressure.
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What term applies to a noninflammatory degenerative condition located within the muscle belly?
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myosis
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What term applies to abnormalities affecting the myotendinous junction?
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attachment tendinosis
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A four step reverberating cycle has been proposed to explain how a segmental dysfunction can be perpetuated. According to that model, how is the cycle broken?
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Sudden overstretching of muscle spindles.
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What term is commonly used by osteopaths to refer to what they think of as a manipulable lesion?
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somatic dysfunction
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What term refers to 2 adjacent vertebrae and the connecting soft tissue?
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functional spinal unit (FSU)
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Functional Spinal Region (FSR):
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Multiple FSU's functionally connected to accomplish a specific task._
(a particular vertebra could be a part of several different FSR's) |
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Which cervical articulation has the most flexion/extension? rotation?
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C0/C1 C1/C2
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What term refers to structural homeostasis, consisting of proper transfer of loads throughout the body?
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mechanical equilibrium
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In regards to the various structures of the spine, what is meant by the term mechanical failure?
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Excessive deformation (impairing function) or_
Loss of continuity |
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dynamic analysis:
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Considers the changing positions and the inertia of the parts involved_
(moving segments tend to keep on moving, or stationary ones tend to stay stationary) |
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quasistatic analysis:
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Considers the changing geometry of moving parts but ignores inertial effects_
(assumes that movement occurs slow enough that inertia is negligible) |
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What two zones make up the range of motion?
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neutral zone and_
elastic zone |
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What is the difference between the neutral zone and the elastic zone?
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In the neutral zone there is very little resistance to motion._
In the elastic zone, tissues are stretching - which resists motion as the end of the ROM is approached. |
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Central sensitization:
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Increased sensitivity of spinal cord neurons to pain which may be caused by prolonged painful stimulus.
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According to Triano (author of Herzog's Chapter 4), what 4 factors moderate the location and extent of injury?
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1. injury load_
2. posture_ 3. muscular tension_ 4. tissue status |
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hysteresis:
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The energy that is lost during the loading/unloading cycle of a specimen due in internal friction.
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On a stress/strain curve, where is the toe region?
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The very first part of the curve, where the stress increases very slowly compared to increasing strain._
It ends where the linear portion (called the elastic region) begins. |
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On a stress/strain curve, where is the ultimate strength?
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The highest point on the plot, which is usually between the elastic limit and the fracture/breaking point.
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dynamic creep demormity:
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Reponse to rapidly repeated loading, such as the articular cartilage of the knee while walking, in which the thickness decreases with every step and then increases between steps. The overall thickness decreases over time, up to a point.
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According to our text, what are the two theoretic bases of aging?
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1. Genetic theories_
2. Environmental theories |
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What percentage of post menopausal women have radiological signs of osteoporotic fracture?
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25 percent
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What is the average age at which menopause occurs?
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51_
(can occur as early as before age 40) |
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What two functional changes occur to articular cartilage as age increases?
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1. Reduced shock absorption_
2. Increased friction |
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What change can be seen visually on articulating surfaces as the person ages?
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a roughening of the surface
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What are the three types of age related changes that occur in the nervous system?
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1. Decreased sensory sensitivity_
2. Decreased reflex activity_ 3. Denervation of muscle spindles |
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What is the general concept of Occam's Razor?
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The notion that is the best explanation is probably the simplest one that is able to explain all observations.
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mechanical buckling:
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A deformation that occurs suddenly and is disproportionately large for an incremental increase of the applied load.
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What are the three factors that are associated with the mechanical buckling of isolated FSU's (functional spinal units) and FSR's (functional spinal regions)?
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1. Single overload events (can be unguarded or guarded)_
2. Prolonged static posture_ 3. Vibration (accelerates the process) |
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What two questions are being attempted to be answered by doing a manual spinal evaluation?
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1. Is this subject healthy or not healthy?_
2. If not healthy, what is the level of the lesion? |
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What two objective measurements have been shown to be different for healthy groups than for low back pain groups?
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1. LBP group has decreased ROM_
2. LBP group has increased sensitivity to pressure on both the spinous processes and paraspinal muscles. |
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What are 4 feasible mechanisms for injury to practicing chiropractors?
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1. Repetitive motion_
2. Sudden loading of cervical spine during delivery of thrusts_ 3. Prolonged postures in lumbar flexion_ 4. Sudden overloads during patient prep |
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What are 3 things you can do to reduce the risk of injury to your self during patient transfer?
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1. Shift the center of your body mass down and posterior_
2. Maintain erect posture_ 3. Use auxiliary support, such as bracing your knee against the table |
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What positional risk is associated with the delivery of a toggle recoil type thrust?
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Your wrist is already in maximum radial deviation and you are thrusting into it further.
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What positional risk is associated with the delivery of a cervical rotation type thrust?
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Your wrist is already in maximal ulnar deviation, coupled with flexion at your wrist.
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According to Triano, what is the most stable wrist position for adjusting?
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Slight ulnar deviation and flexion
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If a global 3D Cartesian reference system positioned the spine is oriented in the standard (most commonly used) way, what is the direction of each positive axis?
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X: laterally out to the left_
Y: caudal to cephalic_ Z: P to A |
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Natural frequency:
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The frequency at which an object tends to vibrate.
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Resonance:
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The large response of an object to a periodic (cyclic) driving force that oscillates at that object's natural frequency.
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What are the 3 notable aspects of load-time histories (or force/time profiles)?
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1. Peak load_
2. Duration of the impulse_ 3. Rate of rise of the applied load |
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What is the most common side effect (risk) associated with chiropractic care?
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mild soreness (not mild pain)
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If mild soreness does occur in response to an adjustment, how soon does it typically appear and long does it typically remain?
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Typically appears within 4 hours and disappears within 24 hours.
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What proportion of chiropractic patients report have experienced mild soreness after an adjustment at least once?
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about half
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Is there evidence to suggest that it is risky to adjust vertebral segments demonstrating excessive motion with internal disc disruption?
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No
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arthrodesis:
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Surgical fusion of a joint.
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How long does it typically take for a surgically induced fusion to become solid?
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Usually 3 to 6 months._
(don't adjust that area until the fusion is solid) |
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What problem can occur that affects the stability of a metal implant in the spine?
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bone resorption around the implant that weakens its grip
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What are patient-based factors that can be used as control elements for spinal manipulation?
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Static and dynamic posturing of the patient.
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What are provider-based factors that can be used as control elements for spinal manipulation?
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Preload amplitude_
Load direction_ Load peak amplitude_ Load impulse rate_ Load duration |
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What is the primary motion that occurs during spinal manipulation?
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rotation (translation is negligible)
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What normally determines the location of the axis of rotation for the rotational movement in response to a spinal manipulation?
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geometry of the facet surfaces
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What 3 components sum up to compose the load that is actually transmitted to the segment being adjusted?
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1. Applied load_
2. Body segment inertial loads_ 3. Muscle tension |
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What can be said about the timing of muscular response to a spinal manipulation?
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The muscles can respond fast enough to affect the process of an HVLA type adjustment.
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How does the preload affect the stiffness of the soft tissue components of the FSU (functional spinal unit)?
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Increases stiffness as a whole by engaging the elastic properties.
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How does the stiffness of the spine vary in response to the quickness of the treatment given?
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The quicker the treatment, the greater the stiffness of the spine.
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What is the objective of properly positioning a patient for a particular adjustment?
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To maximize the biomechanical effect of the adjustive thrust
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What 5 methods of unloading spinal elements were discussed in class?
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1. Aquatherapy_
2. Continuous passive motion (CPM)_ 3. Flexion-distraction_ 4. Non-linear axial traction (VAX-D)_ 5. Treadmill (or chair) with axial traction |
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What are two common situations that often result in pain from facet joints?
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1. DJD (degenerative joint disease)_
2. Pregnancy |
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What is Triano's thinking in regards with adjusting patients with spinal implants, like Harrington rods?
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You need to be careful, but these patients do seem to benefit from normal chiropractic care.
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