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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What Is Personality?
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The sum of the characteristics that make a person unique.
All the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations. |
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What is Thurstone’s law?
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Differences in personality are also assumed to be measurable.
If something exists, it exists in some amount and can therefore be measured. Personality research is thus conceived as the study of measurable individual differences |
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What are the five view points/approaches of/to Personality?
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Pyschodynamic
Trait Situation Interactional |
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Trait Approach: assumes that personality traits are enduring and consistent across a variety of situations. Meaning an athlete is likely to behave the same regardless of the situation.
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Trait approach, does not consider the particular situations that might also influence an individual's behavior.
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Personality & Sport
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Compared to non-sport playing controls, National level competitors are:
-higher emotional stability -greater mental toughness -more self-assured -more trusting |
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What Makes Up Personality?
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-Psychological core
-Typical responses -Role-related behavior |
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Psychological Core
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your attitudes and values, interests, motives, and beliefs about yourself and your self-worth
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Typical Responses
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ways which each learn to adjust to the environment or how we usually respond to the world around us.
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Role-Related Behavior
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How you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be
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Situation Approach
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Behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment
Draws from social learning theory-explains behavior in terms of observational(modeling) and social reinforcement(feed-back) |
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Interactional Approach
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considers the situation and person as co-determinants of behavior or as variables that together determine behavior.
knowing both an individual's psychological traits and the particular situation is helpful in understanding behavior. |
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Phenomenological Approach
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behavior is best determined by accounting for both situations and personal characteristics.
Instead of focusing on fixed traits or dispositions as the primary determinants of behavior, the psych examines the person's understanding and interpretation of their-self and their environment |
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Measuring Personality
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General vs. situation-specific (sport-specific) measures
Situation-specific trait tests predict behavior more accurately than do general trait measures. It is often more effective to compare personality test scores to a person’s own previous test results than to group norms. |
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Trait and State Measures
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Can predict behavior better when there is more knowledge of the specific situation and the ways individuals respond to particular types of situations
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Better performing athletes display more positive mental states:
-less anxious -less depressed -less fatigued -less confused -more vigorous (and extroverted) |
When using Psychological Measuring/Testing:
Know the principles of testing and measurement error; all psych tests contain a degree of error; use caution in interpreting their results -Know your limitations -Do not use psych tests for team selection -Include explanation & feedback -Assure athletes of confidentiality take an Intra-Individual approach Understand & Asses specific personality components |
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Anxiety and Performance
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Cognitive appraisal of threat:
-facilitative anxiety: stress response as excitement -debilitative anxiety: stress response as threatening |
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Cognitive Strategies
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Cognitive strategies and mental strategies are among the skills and behaviors that athletes use in competition.
Although they’re not personality traits in the traditional sense, cognitive strategies reflect the behavior aspect of personality and interact with personality characteristics. Both quantitative and qualitative cognitive strategy measures have been shown to differentiate between more and less successful athletes. |
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Traits that are desirable for sport--such as independence and assertiveness--are not symbolic to either men or women. All good athletes must possess theses personality traits
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Few personality differences are evident between male and female athletes, particularly at the elite level.
-Tests can help identify an athlete's psychological strengths and weaknesses this information can be used to develop appropriate training in PST skills. |
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Describe what makes up personality and why it is important
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Personality refers to characteristics of blend of characteristics that makes individuals unique. It comprises three (3) separate but interrelated levels: psychological core, the most basic and stable level of personality, typical responses, or the ways each person learns to adjust to the environment; and role-related behaviors, or how a person acts based on what she perceives the situation to be. Role-related behavior is the most changeable aspect of personality. Understanding personality will help you improve your teaching and coaching effectiveness.
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Discuss major approaches to understanding personality
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Five (5) routes to studying personality in sport and exercise are the psycho-dynamic, trait, situation, interactional, and phenomenological approaches. The psycho-dynamic approach emphasizes the importance of unconscious determinants of behavior and of understanding the person as a whole. It has had little impact in sport psych. The trait approach assumes that personality is enduring and consistent across situations and that psychological traits predispose individuals to behave in consistent ways, regardless of situation. In contrast, the situational approach argues that behavior is determines largely by the environment or situation. Neither the trait nor the situational approach has received widespread support in sport psychology literature. Most researchers take an interactional approach to the study of sport personality, which considers personal and situational factors as equal determinates of behavior. The phenomenological approach focuses on a person's understanding and subjective interpretation of himself or his environment versus fixed traits. This highly held view is also consistent with the interactional view in that behavior is believed to be determined by personal and situational factors.
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Identify how personality can be measured
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To measure personality, an interactional approach should asses both psychological traits (an individual's typical style of behaving) and states(the situation's effects on behavior). Although general personality scales provide some useful information about personality states and traits, situation-specific measures predict behavior more reliably.
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Assess personality tests and research for practicality and validity
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psychological tests alone have not proved to be accurate predictors of athletic success. when used they must be used ethically. Personality test users must know the principles of testing and measurement error; know their own limitations relative to test administration and interpretation; avoid using tests alone team selection; always give athletes test explanations and feedback; assure athletes of confidentiality; take ans intra-individual approach to testing; and understand and assess specific personality components.
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Understand the relationship between personality and behavior in sport exercise
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Exercise has been found to enhance self-concept, especially the physical component of one's self. Type A behavior has been shown to be an important personality factor influencing wellness. Although the personality differences have been found through comparison of athletes with non-athletes and comparison of athletes from different sports, the most interesting and consistent findings come form comparisons of less successful athletes with more successful athletes exhibiting more positive mental health.
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Describe how cognitive strategies relate to athletic success
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In recent years researchers have turned their attention away from measuring traditional traits ans toward examining cognitive or mental strategies, skills, and behaviors that athletes use. Successful athletes, compared with their less successful counterparts, possess a variety of psychological skills. These include arousal regulation and management, high self-confidence, better concentration and focus, feelings of being in control and not forcing things, positive imagery and thoughts, commitment and determination, goal setting, well-developed mental plans, and well-developed coping strategies
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Apply what you know of personality in sport and exercise settings to better understand people's personalities
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One needs to gather information about the personalities of people with whom you work. Specifically, consider both personality traits and situations, be an informed consumer, communicate with athletes, observe your subjects, and be knowledgeable about mental strategies
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Mental preparation and planning are critical components of athletic success.
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Cognitive Strategies and Athletic Success: Guidelines for practice
-Enhance confidence and practice specific plans to deal with adversity during competition. -Practice routines to deal with unusual circumstances and distractions before and during competition. -Concentrate wholly on the upcoming performance and block out irrelevant events and thoughts |
