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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is morbidity? |
illness caused by a microorganism |
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What is mortality? |
death |
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What are the 6 types of microorganism? |
- viruses - bacteria - protozoa - helminths - fungi - prions |
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What are >30% of preventable diseases? |
pneumonia + diarrhoea |
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What are the two most prevalent diseases? |
malaria and HIV/AIDS |
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What is the vaccine for TB? |
BCG |
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How many working days are lost a year due to colds? |
27 millions |
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What tracts are mucosal sites? |
respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital |
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What is a commensal? |
microorganism that doesn't cause infection but can be opportunistic
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What is zoonosis? |
human contracting an illness from an animal |
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What percentage of infections have animal origins? |
75% |
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What percentage of human pathogens are zoonotic? |
60% |
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What are retroviruses |
viruses that integrate with the host cell, by inserting a DNA copy of their genome |
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What did HIV originate from? |
SIV (primates, non-harmful) |
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What animal groups have the most invasive placentas (in terms of pathogen transmission? |
primates and rodents |
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What animal groups have the least invasive placentas (in terms of pathogen transmission)? |
pigs and dolphins |
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What is an example of exploiting zoonosis for human benefit? |
using cowpox to vaccinate for smallpox |
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Why would a vaccine cause disease? |
if the patient is immunocompromised |
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Give two examples of viral vectors as vaccines? |
- attenuated BCG - MVA booster |
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How many microorganisms are in the human microbiome? |
10^14 |
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What are two negative consequences of the immune system? |
- immune pathology - graft rejection |
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What 4 things must the immune system do? |
- distinguish an array of pathogens - distinguish if pathogen is harmful - get rid of infection - use correct response |
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What are 2 diseases in which the immune system fails? |
HIV and SCID |
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How does HIV affect the immune system? |
T helper cells deleted |
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How does SCID affect the immune system? |
B + T cells have defect |
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How large are the mucosal tissues? |
200m2 |
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How many different species of microbe are in the body? |
200 |
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How many pathogens does the mucosal barrier come into contact with? |
200,000 |
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What cells are involved in the innate immunity? |
- macrophages - dendritic cells - mast cells - NK cells - granulocytes - complement proteins |
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What cells are involved in the innate and acquired immunity? |
γδ T cells and NKT cells |
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What cells are involved in the acquired immune response? |
- B cells -> antibodies - T cells -> CD4 and CD8 |
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How long do the innate and acquired immune systems take to work? |
- innate ~6 hours - acquired ~5 days |
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What 4 mechanisms does the innate immune response use? |
- phagocytosis - cytotoxic granule secretion - killing infected cells - complement |
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What 2 roles do antibodies play? |
neutralise toxins + mark pathogens/infected cells |
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What are the 3 types of T cell? |
- helper - regulatory - cytotoxic |
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What do helper T cells do? |
release cytokines and amplify innate immunity |
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What do regulatory T cells do? |
turn off immune response |
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What do cytotoxic T cells do? |
kill infected cells |
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What are cytokines? |
immune equivalent of hormones |
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What does the spleen do? |
makes antibodies, is lymphatic tissue |
