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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the relationship between alpha and beta anomers of carbohydrates?
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they are diasteromers; specific rotation cannot be determined from one another
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What is an epimer?
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aldose steroisomers that differ only about the configuration of one carbon
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What is an anomer?
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cyclic steroisomer that differs about the new chiral carbon that was formed during cyclic development
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What occurs to hemiacetal rings when they are exposed to water?
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they spontaneously open and then reform to the alpha or beta anomer; this is called mutarotation
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Which anomer configuration is more favored?
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the beta anomer is more favored because the hydroxyl is equatorial to the ring, instead of axial as it is in the alpha anomer
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What will happen to a monosaccharide in the presence of acidic anhydride and base?
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all of the alcohol side chains will be turned into ester groups
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What does PCC do?
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oxidizes alcohols to the keton
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T/F: diastereomers can rotate plane polarized light
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true
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In the Woff Kishner reduction, reaction with NH2NH2 will form the intermediate ____ while addition of base will form the _____.
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hydrazone (HC=NNH2); methyl (R group)
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Which of the amines is most soluble in water?
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the quaternary amine
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The reaction of a nitrile with LiAlH4 will form:
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an amine
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T/F: the higher the MW, the higher the boiling point
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true; the higher the MW, the harder it is to "push" that molecule into the gas phase
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T/F: an anomer formed from an aldose will differ in the configuration about the first carbon.
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true
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Anomers that differ in the configuration about their second carbon are called:
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epimers
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Where are aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase secreted from, respectively?
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intestinal glands; pancreas
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Galvanic cells have a ____ E value while electrolytic cells have a ______ E value.
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positive; negative
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The electrode in which electrons are flowing into undergoes (oxidation/reduction)?
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reduction
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A galvanic cell connects and powers a light bulb; the light bulb will continue to glow until:
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the cell has reached equilibrium
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What is a faraday?
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the magnitude of charge of one mole of electrons.
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Bromine with CCl4 is a common test for the presence of:
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double bonds
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The electric field points in the direction of a _____ charge.
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positive
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When light travels from a greater "n" to a lower "n," the refracted ray is bent away from the normal.
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true
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T/F: When light travels from a smaller "n" to a larger "n", the refracted ray is bent towards the normal.
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true
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How are beats produced?
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from two overlapping waves with slightly different frequencies.
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T/F: standing waves can be either transverse or longitudinal.
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true
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T/F: a node is a place where max vibration occurs.
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false; a node is a place that exhibits no vibration, while an antinode is a place where max vibration occurs
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T/F: an antinode is just part of the wave with max amplitude
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true
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The smallest frequency corresponding to a one loop pattern is f1. What is the frequency needed to establish a 3 loop pattern?
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3f1
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What is the harmonic number?
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the number corresponds to the number of loops in the standing wave pattern.
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What is the fundemental frequency?
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it is the first frequency of a harmonic; the rest of the frequencies are called overtones
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What is a standing wave?
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a wave that does not travel in one direction or the other
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How do standing waves arise?
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because identical waves travel on the string in opposite directions and combine
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A standing wave is established when the string is vibrated with a frequency of:
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2*Length of string/wave speed
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What is the natural frequency?
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the frequency at which resonance occurs
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What is the equation for the series of natural frequencies that lead to standing waves on a string fixed at both ends?
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natural frequency = n(v/2L)
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What is the natural frequency for a tube open at both ends?
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n(v/2L)
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What is the natural frequency for a tube open at only one end?
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n(v/4L)
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Does temperature change pitch?
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yes
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Does pressure change pitch?
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no
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According to the kinetic molecular theory of gases, pressure increases as volume decreases because:
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the collision of gas particles with the cylinder increase in frequency.
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How does one convert from molarity to normality and visa versa?
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N = nM
M = N/n |
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A rocket takes off and dissociates as it ascends into space. What occurs to the initial and final momentum of the pieces?
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momentum is conserved; vectors should cancel
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The larger the binding energy, the _____ the nucleus.
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more stable; tightly bound
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The stronger the electrostatic force in teh nucleus, the _____ the binding energy.
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weaker
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What form of energy transfer can occur in a vacuum?
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radiation
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An object weight 180N on the earth's surface. How much does it weigh when it's distance from the earth's surface is tripled?
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180/9 = 20N; Gm(e)m/r(squared) = mg; m is constant so g must be changing
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In a magnetic field, if the direction of a particle points with the vector qv, then the charge must be ______.
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positive
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As a liquid begins to boil, what occurs to the vapor pressure?
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increases; to keep pressure constant, volume must be increased to lower pressure increase
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What are the four postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
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1. gas particles are separated by distances must greater than their size
2. only totally elastic IF's occur 3. KE is directly proportional to temperature 4. gas particles are moving in a random fashion with various distribution of speeds |
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What does the Van der Waals equation account for?
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the IF's and volumes of real gases
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T/F: ideal gases never condense
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true
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At high pressures, real gases occupy volumes ____ than ideal gases.
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larger
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T/F: ideal gases interact
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false
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The higher the temperature, the more _____ a gas.
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energetic; KE increases with T
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Force * velocity is equal to:
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power
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When pH = pKa, then [HA] = ?
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[A-]
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T/F: for resistors and capacitors in parallel, the voltage across the resistor will equal the voltage across the capacitor
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true
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tertiary alkyl halides will form ______ in presence of strong base.
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alkenes via E2
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Will a tertiary or primary alcohol under condensation at a faster rate?
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tertiary; more stable carbocation; condensation requires carbocation
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What must be true fo a ketone if during enolate formation, it undergoes racemization?
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the alpha carbon must be chiral
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How can pressure be altered in a closed container in order to increase the rate at which ice will melt?
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raising the pressure shifts the equilibrium towards the phase that is most dense (in this case, water is more dense than ice)
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What does it mean for two species to be isoelectronic?
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they have the same electron configuration
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For a given exothermic reaction, how are enthalpy, Ea (forward) and Ea (reverse) related?
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(change in enthalpy) + Ea (forward) = Ea (reverse)
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T/F: volume, entropy, enthalpy, and work are all state functions.
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false; work is not a state function because it is dependent on the path taken
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What conditions does a real gas differ in behavior from an ideal gas?
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low T and high P
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What are the chalcogens?
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the group directly left of the halogens
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A buffer consists of a:
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weak acid with it's conjugate base
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In Hooke's law, "k" stands for:
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the stiffness of the spring; as k increase, it becomes more difficult to compress or stretch the spring
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Total mechanical energy is conserved if:
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nonconservative forces do no work
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