Omics

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Is a Widely Used Method for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes

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Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing

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Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms

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Comparative Genomics

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also called environmental genomics, is the use of whole-genome shotgun approaches to sequence genomes from entire communities of microbes in environmental samples of water, air, and soil.

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Metagenomics

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is the identification, characterization, and quantitative analysis of all proteins encoded by the genome of a cell, tissue, or organism.

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Proteomics

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incorporates data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other areas of biology as well as engineering applications to further elucidate components of interacting pathways and the interrelationships of molecules.

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Systems Biology

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is the study of gene functions based on the resulting RNAs or possible proteins they encode as well as regulatory elements.

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Functional Genomics

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the study of genomes, allows the sequencing of entire genomes.

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Genomics

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is the complete set of DNA in a single cell of an organism.

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The genome

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Structural genomics focuses on sequencing genomes and analyzing nucleotide sequences to identify genes and other important sequences such as.......

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gene-regulatory elements

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The overlapping fragments are adjoining segments that collectively form one continuous DNA molecule within a chromosome and are called

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contigs

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identifies overlapping sequences, allowing scientists to reconstruct their order in a chromosome.

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Alignment

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uses computer-based approaches to organize, share, and analyze data related to – gene structure. – gene sequence and expression. – protein structure and function.

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Bioinformatics

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Each sequence deposited in GenBank receives

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an accession number

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is the process of identifying – genes – their regulatory sequences – their functions

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Annotation

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is a software application used to compare a segment of genomic DNA to sequences throughout the major databases and to identify portions that align with or are the same as existing sequences.

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BLAST

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BLAST searches calculate .....................determined by the sum of identical matches between aligned sequences divided by the total number of bases aligned.

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similarity score

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found in protein- coding genes, are sequences of triplet nucleotides that, after transcription and mRNA splicing, are translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

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ORF

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Homologous genes in the same species are called ..........(alpha and beta globin subunits in humans).

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paralogs

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Homologous genes from different species thought to have descended from a common ancestor are called ..........(Mouse and human beta-globin genes).

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orthologs

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ion channels, membrane-spanning regions, secretion, and export signals are considered as

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Protein domains

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helix-turn-helix, leucine zipper, or zinc finger motifs are considered as

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Motifs

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was a coordinated international effort to sequence and identify all the genes of the human genome.

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Human Genome Project

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a privately funded human genome project, was to use whole-genome shotgun sequencing and computer-automated high-throughput DNA sequencers.

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Celera Genomics

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The number of genes is much lower than the number of predicated protein in part because many genes code for multiple proteins through

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alternative splicing

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Single base changes in the genome – Many associated with disease conditions – Ex. Sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis

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SNPs

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Segments of DNA that are duplicated or deleted

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CNVs

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is a new field that focuses on understanding the interactions between diet and genes.

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Nutrigenomics

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uses small amounts of ancient DNA from bone and other tissue.

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Stone-age genomics

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compares the genomes of different organisms in order to answer questions about genetics and other aspects of biology.

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Comparative genomics

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Gene density is higher in prokaryotes
(true or false)

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True

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a small amount of a bacterial genome is noncoding DNA

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Introns

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A group of related multigene families is called a

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superfamily

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or global analysis of gene expression studies the expression of genes by a genome
(qualitatively & quantitatively)

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Transcriptome

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consist of glass microscope slides onto which single-stranded DNA molecules are attached using a high-speed robotic arm called an arrayer.

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gene chips

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Isolated proteins are loaded into a polyacrylamide tube gel and separated by

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isoelectric focusing

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are designed around the same basic concept as microarrays (gene chips) and are often constructed with antibodies that recognize and bind to different proteins.

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Protein microarrays

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describes the whole set of molecular interacting components of a cell

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Interactome