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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Draw mechanism to add a Nuc to a benzene with Br and Fe |
One of the Br from Br2 attacks Fe from FeBr on bond from the benzene attacks one Br and sigma complex appears. Then a Base removes an H to restore a double bond |
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How can you clorinate a benzene? |
Cl2 and AlCl3 |
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how can you add SO3H to benzene? |
fuming and H2SO4 in dilute H2SO4 it goes backwards |
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draw mechanism for nitration of benzene |
HNO3 and H2SO4 react to make NO2 ion which is attacked by double bond that creates a sigma complex and the H is removed later |
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How do you alkylate a benzene? |
Cl-R and AlCl3 (remember that there is a + charge in a secondary not primary carbon it moves) |
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Rules for alkylation of benzene? (friedel crafts) |
secondary carbocataion form R connected to Cl needs to be sp3 Multiple alylation occur |
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Draw mechanism to add Acyl group to benzene (O=c-R) |
acyl has a Cl AlCl3 helps it get more electrophilic then the double bond attacks the acyl sigma formed and H leaves |
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How to alkylation in a primary position to benzene? |
use acyl with R group then Zn[Hg]/HCl and heat to remove the ketone |
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Reagents to convert NO2 to NH2? |
Zn, HCl |
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Which groups are orto para directors? |
e donating things with lone pairs > things with lone pairs and e withdrawing > alkyls |
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Which groups are meta directors? |
things with double and triple bonds a C with 3 X |
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What justifies selectivity? |
The resonance produced in the sigma complex depending on the director |
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Halogens are an exception where do they direct? |
o and p but they are deactivators |
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What does it mean that meta directors are deactivators? |
they prevent EAS |
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Why is para more common than ortho? |
because of sterics |
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what is used as a blocking group? |
sulfonation fumming and H2So4 |
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Draw mechanism of SnAr |
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what is needed for an SNar |
strong e withdrawing group orto or para leaving group |
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Draw mechanism for aromatic electrophilic substitution |
double bond in aromatic ring attacks E sigma forms until H next to attached E is removed by a base |
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Draw mechanims for nuc aromatic substitution |
electron withdrawing group and leaving group are needed. Nuc attacks C under leaving the charge is hold in the e wihdrawing then leaving group leaves |
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Draw Elimination addition mechanism |
leaving group is needed. Nuc removes H next to leaving. This forces leaving to leave and makes a triple bond in benzene. A Nuc attacks carbon in triple forcing a pair of electrons to stay and then attack an H |
