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94 Cards in this Set
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What are the negative health consequences associated with red tides for both humans and other species? |
*Toxic to marine life; can accumulate in species *Death to species and can cause poisoning to humans if consumed; symptoms include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhetic
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Zooplankton? Example? |
*"Animal Plankton" *Mostly eat phytoplankton or themselves *Either spend whole life as plankton or larval stage *Ex. Ribbon Worm, Copepod, Fish, Lobster |
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Holoplankton? Example? |
*Plankton for whole life *Small, single-celled, many with shell *Small but numerous *Ex. Krill, Cnidarians(Jellies) |
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Meroplankton? Example? |
*Early life as plankton(float) *Temp plankton then Larvae, eggs *Benthic, Pelagic, swimmers, intertidal *Ex. Squid, clam, shrimp
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What do most zooplankton eat? What role do they play in the food chain/web? |
*Mostly eat phytoplankton or zooplankton *Heterotrophic(Consumer) |
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What is the most abundant animal in the sea? |
Copepods (70% of all zooplankton) |
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Where are most phytoplankton found in the ocean? What conditions favor their growth? |
*Cool, nutrient-rich water *Around the poles |
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What are the 3 divisions of marine algae? What group lives in the deepest depth, includes the kelp, and which group has no accessory pigments to aid photosynthesis(can only live close to surface) |
*Green: No accessory pigments ~Depth 33ft *Red: Lives in the deepest depth ~Depth 879 ft *Brown: Includes Kelp ~Depth 115ft ~Quick Growing |
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What happened during the "oxygen revolution"? |
*Photosynthetic autotrophs produced O2. *2 BYA *Enough O2 to support animals |
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Porifera? What are the basic characteristics and what symmetry does it exhibit? |
*Sponges *Suspension feeders *Sessile(attached don't move) *Come in many shapes and sizes *Most primitive animals *Ex: Finger Sponge, Big Sponge |
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Worms? What are the basic characteristics and what symmetry does it exhibit? |
*Several distinct Phyla *Bilateral Symmetry *Ex: Flatworms, Tube Worms, Parasites |
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Cnidaria? What are the basic characteristics and what symmetry does it exhibit? |
*1 type is medusae(free swimming upside down bag) Ex. Jellyfish *Another type Polyp(Sessile, right-side up bags) Ex. Coral, Anemone * Carnivores *Nematocysts(Harpoon-like organelle(Sticky or armed with toxins)) |
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Mullusca? What are the basic characteristics and what symmetry does it exhibit? |
*3 distinct classes: ~Snails(Gastropoda) ~Clams(Bivalvia) ~Squid(Cephalopoda) *Have heads and developed nervous system *Tube digestive track (mouth to anus) *Bilateral Symmetry |
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Echinodermata? What are the basic characteristics and what symmetry does it exhibit? |
*Radial Symmetry *Ex: Sea Stars, Urchins, Sand Dollars, and Sea Cucumbers *Don't have eyes or brains *Can regenerate body parts |
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Arthropoda? What are the basic characteristics? |
*Have Exoskeleton(External Covering) *Have Striated Muscle(Strong, light, attaches to exoskeleton to move appendages) *Articulations(Jointed Appendages) *Ex: Copepods, krill, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, barnacles |
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What are the 3 Mollusca classes? And their unique characteristics? |
*Gastropoda:(snails) ~Many have shells ~Mostly herbivores *Bivalvia:(clams) ~"Two door shell" protects (ex.oyster) ~Suspension Feeders ~Siphons H20, ejects waste *Cephalopoda:(squid) ~Tentacles w/ suction cups ~Mostly shell-less ~Eject ink to confuse predators |
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Why are Arthropods so successful? What characteristics of their body plan allow them such great success? |
*Exoskeleton: Strong, Lightweight, form-fitting *Striated Muscle: Quick, strong, lightweight form of muscle that makes rapid movement and flight possible *Articulation: bend appendages at specific points, allow full range of motion |
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What is considered the most successful animal phyla from the standpoint of greatest number of individuals and species? |
Invertebrates |
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What are the four unique characteristics that all members of the phylum Chordata possess at some time in their development? |
*Notochord: Flexible Support Rod *Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord (Develops into nervous system) *Gill Slits: Gas Exchange *Postanal Tail |
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What are the "invertebrate chordates" and what percent of all chordates do they represent? |
*Lacks Vertebrae *Filterfeeds with gill slits *Urochordates(Tunicates) and Cephalochordates(Lancelets) *Around 5% |
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What are the vertebrates? |
*Have a backbone(Vertebral column) *Have Endoskeleton (Bone, cartilage, or both) *Have Brain *Ex: Fishes, Mammals, Birds, ect |
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What are the common names for the 5 groups of vertebrate chordates that are considered the "familiar" vertebrate chordates? |
boop |
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What are the cartilaginous fish? Class Chondrichthyes? |
*Sharks, Skates, Rays, Chimeras *Cartilage Skeleton, Active *Had little change over a span of 280 Million years |
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What are the characteristics of Skates and Rays? |
*Flattened bodies *Wing-like pectoral fins, fused with head *Gills on Underside, Eyes on top of head *Live on Bottom |
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What are the characteristics of Sharks? |
*Fast swimming, predatory *Most swim continuously, Force water over gills *Some rest on bottom *Internal fertilization, some live birth *Tiny, tooth like scales(denticles) on skin *Rows of teeth constantly replaced |
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What percentage of sharks are harmless? |
80% |
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How likely are you to be attacked by a shark? How many sharks do humans kill compared to the number of humans that sharks kill? |
*Not very likely *Sharks kill 8-12 humans per year while Humans kill 30-100 million shark per year |
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Why do humans kill sharks? |
*For meat, fins, and skin *Sport and fear |
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What are the two main reasons that scientists think that sharks attack humans occasionally? |
*Misidentification *Sharks strike unfamiliar objects to test for food potential |
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Why should sharks be protected? What is their role in the food web? |
*They are top predators ~Control prey pop and maintain ecological balance *If removed, ecosystem balance is altered |
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What is the scientific name for the bony fish? What are the two subclasses? |
Osteichthyles *Teleostei(90%) and Coelacanths/Lungfishes |
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What are bony fishes characteristics and why are they so successful? |
*Skeleton of bone(hard, light, and strong) plus cartilage *Scales and Mucus protect *Natural Buoyancy (Swim bladder) *Moveable fins (controlled swimmers) *Movement, Shape and Propulsion *Feeding and Defense
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What are the types of senses that aid fish in feeding and defense? |
*Lateral Line System (detect vibrations of predators/prey) *Good sight, hearing, smell *Ampullae of Lorenzini(sharks detect electrical fields of prey) |
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What are some techniques that fish use to aid their survival? |
*Safety in numbers *Bioluminescence: lighting up; aids life in the deep sea *Cryptic Coloration/Countershading (Dark back, light belly
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What types of reptiles live in the ocean? |
*Land reptiles that returned to sea *Turtles, Sea Snakes, marine lizards, marine crocodiles |
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What are the characteristics of marine turtles? |
*Live up to 80 years *Live in warm temperate water *Eat sea jellies, algae, crustaceans, molluscs *Has an advantageous shell |
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What human activites are endangering marine turtles survival? |
*Hunting for meat, shell, and eggs *Beach and nest destruction *They get tangled in nets *Pollution *Mistake plastic for sea jellies |
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How do Marine Iguanas get rid of the salt they take in when feeding? |
*Glands excrete excess salt (Salt Glands) ~Concentrate and excrete excess salt from bodily fluids. |
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What are the unique characteristics of marine birds? |
*Endotherms *Have feathers *Flyers have hollow bones *Evolved from small, fast dinosaurs |
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What unique characteristics of each type? [Gulls, Terns, Auks], Shorebirds, Penguins, [Pelicans and Allies], Cormorants, Albatross, Tubenoses. |
*Gulls, Terns, Auks (Coastal fishers and scavengers) *Shorebirds ~Gull relatives ~No salt glands, live on estuaries and shore *Penguins ~Live in the southern hemisphere only ~Can't fly but great swimmers *Pelicans and Allies *Cormorants (Solid bones and oily feathers; bad flyers,great divers/swimmers ) *Albratross (Great flyers horrible at landing) *Tubenoses (Come on land only to breed)
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Which type of marine birds have long migrations? Why do they migrate, where do they go? |
*Shorebirds Migrate *North in summer to breeding grounds *South in winter |
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How do true Seabirds eliminate excess salt from their bodies? |
*They have salt excreting glands |
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What are the characteristics of all mammals? |
*Large brain *Internal fertilization *Live young *Body hair *Raise their young until mature *Embryo nourished via a placenta *Mammary glands *Lungs (Breathe Air) *Endotherms (warm blooded) |
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What are the unique characteristics of marine mammals? |
*Streamlined Body Shape *Generate a lot of internal body heat ~high metabolism, fat, fur, retain heat *Modified respiratory system retains a lot of oxygen, bradycardia(slow heart rate underwater) *Osmotic adaptations reduce salt intake (impervious skin, concentrated urine) |
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Characteristics and species of these major mammal classes: Pinnidedia, Carnivora, Sirenia |
*Carnivora: Semi-Aquatic, Rely on sea ice, Thick fur and blubber, pacific only, dense fur little blubber, hunted to near extinction, use tools, eat 15-20 pounds a day ~Sea Otter and Polar Bear. *Pinnepeds: Predators, Blubber, Breed on land ~Sea Lion, Seal *Sirenia: Tropical Seas, Herbivores, Severely Endangered ~Manatee, Dugong
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What is the scientific name for the suborder of all baleen whales? What is baleen? What do baleen whats eat and how do they do it? Examples? Characteristics? |
*Mysticeti *Fibrous protein (Keratin) [baleen] * They eat plankton, krill, small fish, benthic inverts by straining water; tongue pushes food to throat, water/mud spit back out *Blue, finback, gray humpback, right, minke, sei * 2 blowholes, communicate with low frequency sounds(songs) |
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What is the scientific name for the group of cetaceans that include toothed whales, what are the general characteristics and examples of these animals, how do they catch their prey? |
*Odontoceti *Sperm, pilot, orca, dolphin, porpoise, narwhale *one blowhole, peg teeth, social *Have teeth to subdue prey, large brains(smart) |
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What is echolocation(biological sonar) and how does it work? Which suborder of cetaceans use it and what do they use it for? |
*Produce sounds(clicks) to "see" 3D picture of environment *Detect food (type and size of prey) *Odontoceti use Echolocation to find, stun, kill prey (loud); sounds up to 229 decibels |
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How have marine mammals adapted to living and feeding in the ocean?
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*Respiratory system collects/retains O2 *High blood volume, store O2 in blood *Bradycardia(Slow heart rate underwater to conserve O2 *Shunt blood to vital organs |
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Ecology? |
study of interactions of organisms with one another and with their enviroment |
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Habitat? |
*Where organisms lives *address |
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Niche? |
*occupation *Organisms role in the community |
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Population? |
Group of the same species occupying the same area |
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Community? |
*Populations of interacting species that occupy a particular habitat
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What is the concept of "range of tolerance"? |
It is the range of fluctuation of temp, salinty, ect a species can endure. |
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How does physical and biological factors influence marine organisms and communities? |
Physical: Light Availability, temp, pH, dissolved O2, Air exposure, build-up of wastes Biologic: Competition, crowding, predation, parasitism, shading, ease of movement. |
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What factors influence the distribution of organisms in a community? Random, Clumped, and Uniform distributions? Which type is the most common? |
*More species live in habitats with abundant resources, and where physical factors stay near optimal levels. *Fewer live in habitats with few resources and extreme physical factors. *Random(rare): Little competition, Resources spread evenly *Clumped(Common): Clump around resource (ex. hydrothermal vent) *Uniform(rare): Spread out evenly, where resources are limited. |
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Rocky Intertidal Habitat? |
*Clumped Distribution *Contradiction *Harsh Physical Factors: Sun, Dry, Wave stress *Abundant food, nutrients, micro-habitats, and niches *Competition for resources *Affects success of species and individuals |
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Sandy Beach's Habitat? |
*Lower species diversity and density than rocky shores ~Unsuitable substrate for attachment ~Little Algar and epifauna most infauna(burrow under sand) *Species successful in terms of numbers |
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Coral Reef Communitys? |
*Clumped Distribution *Consistent physical factors *Abundant food, micro habitats, niches *Most biologically diverse ecosystems *Created by colonial Cnidarians |
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Salt Marsh Habitat? |
*Mixing zones of salt and freshwater *Where river meets sea *Mostly Marine Organisms *Variable salinity *Highly Productive *Fish(nurseries) and wildlife habitat
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Kelp Forest Habitat? |
*Provides protection and high productivity to the animals that live here. |
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Deep Sea Habitat? |
*Always dark, usually cold, hypersaline and highly pressurized, yet many species are found here.
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Hydrothermal Vents |
*Cold Seeps *Chemosynthetic organisms are found near hydrothermal vents and cold seeps *There they form the base of the food chain |
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What types of symbiosis occur in the ocean? |
*Close interaction of 2 species *Mutualism: both organisms benefit *Commensalism: 1 benefits other isn't helped or harmed *Parasitism: 1 benefits other is harmed |
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What is mutualism and what is an example of mutualism in the ocean? |
*Both organisms benefit in the close interaction(symbiosis). * Ex. Clownfish and anemone, zooxanthellae and coral
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What is the definition of a renewable resource? Example?
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*Naturally Replaced by organisms or natural physical processes *Food (animals and algae) *Renewable energy (Wind, waves, heat)
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What is the definition of a non-renewable resource? Example? |
*Present in fixed amount and can't be replenished (geologic time) *Minerals (petroleum, gravel, sea salts) *Freshwater (Total amount of Earth's water is fixed) *Ex. Fossil Fuels, Sand and Gravel, Salt Evap, Desalinization |
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How so we get petroleum and natural gas from in the ocean? What percent of oil/gas is extracted from the ocean? |
*Get it from oil drilling on the seabed *28-35% from seabed.
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Do you expect more ocean drilling in the future? Would conversation help? How can wind and wave energy help us generate clean energy? |
*since global demand goes up 2% a year I expect drilling in the future. *Conservation can help by lowing demand, lowering prices, and saving supplies *By creating energy from renewable sources. Clean and can't be used up. |
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How commercially viable is desalination of seawater to produce freshwater today? |
*Expensive, Uses a lot of energy(pollution), habitat destruction...not commercially viable |
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What percent of animal protein do humans get from the sea? What countries take the bulk of the catch? What regions of the sea are most heavily fished? How does over-fishing effect humans and other land species? |
*18% from the ocean *China is #1 , peru, USA, indonesia, japan *Northwest Pacific is the most heavily fished area *Due to over-fishing humans must hunt in sensitive forest for food and economic survival |
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How has fishing gear technology changed in this century? How has it impacted marine species and the fishing industry? What is the impact of large commercial fishing fleets with factory ships? |
*75% harvested by huge commercial fleets *changed industry by working year-round and can process, can , and freeze at sea. *Marine catch has gone up over 5x since 1950 |
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What is maximum sustainable yield? What happens when a fish stock becomes overfished(Cod, Bluefin Tuna, Orange roughy, chilean seabass/patagonian toothfish)? What is predicted to happen in the future to the worldwide fish harvest? |
*Max Sustainable Yield: Max. amount of population that can be harvested without impairing future pops. *Not enough breeders left to replenish species. Large Ocean fishes down 90% in the last 50 years *Orange Roughy(Near Extinction); Seabass(Most caught illegally, high demand causing possible extinction) Tuna(Catch Juveniles before they have a chance to breed, Japan consumes 80%)
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What is bycatch(bykill)? What species are vulnerable? How can we avoid bycatch? |
*Bycatch: Animals unintentionally killed while collecting desirable species. *Young and low-value fish, seabirds, mammals, turtles. *Fishers discard 2x the amount of desired fish, 50% of discards from trawling. *Solutions: Change net's mesh size and shape; reduce of limit fishing, marine reserve network.
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What are the issues associated with whaling and hunting of fur-bearing marine mammals? What is the Marine Mammal Protection Act? |
*8 of 11 large species commercially extinct *Marine Mammal Protection Act: Bans [ Take of marine mammals in us territorial water or on high seas by vessels under us jurisdiction, import of marine mammal products |
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What are Exclusive Economic zones? How are species protected in open seas? |
*Exclusive Economic zones: Nations sovereign over resources and economic activities 200 mi from shore. * |
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What is aquaculture/mariculture? |
*Farming aquatic species (mariculture = marine)
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What are the problems associated with mariculture(especially salmon and shrimp)? How can it be improved? |
IMPACTS *Diseases and Parasites (spreads in crowded fish pens) *Antibiotics (creates drug-resistant bacteria) *escape pens *Deplete wild stocks of small fish (salmon/tuna eat 2-5 lbs of wild fish for every 1 lb of farmed salmon/tuna) *Habitat destruction: ~Mangroves cut down to make ponds for farms; 20% destroyed since 1980 ~Salt and wastes build up forcing farmers to abandon the ponds What we can do to help *Move away from sea (no escape to wild, clean and filter waste water) ~Inland ponds, recirculation system, raceways *Vaccinate instead of antibiotics *Eat lower on the food chain *Integrate Multi-Trophic Aquaculture ~Create enviromentally balanced system |
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What species are the best seafood choices for consumers? What are the worse that we should avoid? |
*Lower on the food chain species *Seafood low in mercury (Tilapia, trout, catfish, oysters, wild alaskan salmon) *Choose well-managed, harvested and farmed species. |
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How does Mercury enter the ocean? What are the health problems associated with ingesting mercury? Should we be concerned? What fish are high in mercury? |
*Mercury enters the ocean from coal combustion and industry bioaccumulates and biomagnifies. *Dangerous to children and pregnant or nursing women, harmful to anyone eating large quantites *Swordfish, shark, and albacore tuna. |
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What is DDT and Biological Amplification? What do they do? |
*Toxins like Mercury and DDT can build up in the tissues of animals higher in the food chain through the process of biological amplification (bioaccumulation) |
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How are marine and coastal habitats being destroyed? What Marine Conservation areas (Sanctuaries) and how would they help protect species? |
*Pristine Areas provide a benchmark for comparing changes in exploited ocean *No hunting(fishing) and only passive human use. *Larval export and migration out of reserve = replenish surrounding sea |
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What is pollution? What type of substances are marine pollutant? |
*Yucky Stuff in our ecosystem *Plastics, oil, |
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What are the main sources of pollution in the ocean? Why are they dangerous to marine organisms? What is point-source and non-point source pollutants? |
*Point-Source: Clear origin (sewage outfalls, oil spills, industrial plants and factories, power utilities) *Non-point-source: Many diffuse sources ~Urban runoff: Boats, agriculture, trash and debris, construction, air pollution ~Main source of marine pollution
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What happens to oil after it is released(spilled) in a marine environment and how does it affect marine species? How should it be cleaned up? |
*Spills harm species adn ecosystems, valuable fisheries, tourism , economies *Ex. Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Largest Accidental spill in history. How does it affect Marine life? *Clogs gills of fish and benthic species *Damages Digestive system, mammals and birds lose bouyancy and insulation Oil Clean up *Booms (keeps oil from shore) *Dispersants (soap) to break it up *Skimmers and absorbent material to mop it up
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Why should you recycle your solid waste? What problems does solid waste cause marine organisms? |
*Dangerous to marine animals ~Sea Turtles mistake plastic bags for sea jellies ~Fishing line choke sea lions/seals *Breaks down slowly, never disappears *Animals get caught, or eat toxic plastic and it enters our food chain. |
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What are the causes of climate change(global warming) and what gases are involved with this process that humans add to the atmosphere in large quantities? |
*Global warming is the underlying cause of climate change *Causes: Garbage, Deforestation, burning fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, industrial rev
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What is albedo and how does reduction in albedo, caused by climate change, compound the impacts at the poles? |
*Albedo(Reflectivity) : Ice/Snow reflect 80% of sunlight, but melted snow/ice expose darker soil and seawater which absorb heat ...results in further melting and warming *May cause there to be no summer sea ice by 2040 |
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What are the consequences of climate change on the land and in the sea (sea level rise, melting glaciers, ocean acidification, stronger storms)? How can we all slow climate change? |
*Sea level rising..caused by melting ice and water expansion(warmer water..thermal expansion) ~50% of pop live near the coast *Melting Glaciers: 7 antarctic ice shelves collapsed in last 20 years...well above average *Stronger Storms: Tropical storms have greater intensity *Ocean Acidifcation: Result of ocean absorbing more CO2, organisms cant form strong shells *Warmer oceans : Planton decrese and extinction of species with limited temp rang *Coral bleaching: in response to temp increase
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How many humans currently live on Earth? How has the size of the human pop increase since 1900? What happens to Earth's resources and the rest of the species on the planet if the pop size of the human species becomes to large? |
*7.208 Billion People *It has rapidly increased since industrial rev *If pop gets to big there will not be enough resources for everyone and pollution will get worse
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What are some possible solutions to the existing environmental problems? |
*Invest in research and development of green technology *Increase efficiency: Mass transit, green buildings, city living *Protect forest and marine enviroment *Improve farming *Conservation *Green Energy Sources: Wave power |
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What is being done? |
*Kyoto Protocol *UN climate conference *US EPA regulates greenhouse gasses ~Harm health and enviroment (Clean air act) *Carbon Trading *Carbon Tax
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How can you contribute to these solutions? |
*Recycle and buy recycled products *Conserve resources *Plant trees and gardens *Mass Transit *Educate others *Replace incandescent light bulbs with CFL and LED
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