Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
From which germ layer does the urinary and genital systems originate? |
Intermediate mesoderm |
|
|
Give the order of the 3 kidney systems - which one is permanent? |
Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros - metanephros is permanent |
|
|
What is the main constituent of amniotic fluid before birth? |
Dilute urine |
|
|
How does the foetus get rid of its urine? |
Via the placenta and its mother's kidneys |
|
|
When does the pronephros start to appear and where? When does it regress? |
Appears at day 23 in cervical region, regresses at day 25 |
|
|
What is the mesonephric duct? |
A solid rod of differentiated intermediate mesoderm that induces the formation of the pro-, meso- and metanephros |
|
|
How many mesonephroi are there at any one time and why? |
About 30 because as caudal ones form, the cranial ones regress |
|
|
Definitive mesonephroi contain functional nephric units containing what? |
Glomeruli, Bowman's capsules, mesonephric tubules, mesonephric ducts |
|
|
What is the purpose of the pronephros? |
We don't have a purpose for it in humans |
|
|
What is the purpose for the mesonephros? |
Temporary urine production from weeks 6 - 10 |
|
|
When does the metanephros start to form? |
End of week 4, when mesonephros is functional |
|
|
How does the ureteric bud form? |
A sprout from the mesonephric duct |
|
|
What mesodermal tissue will give rise to the definitive kidney? |
Metanephric blastema |
|
|
How does metanephric mesenchyme induce ureteric bud formation and kidney organogenesis? |
Gdnf (glial-derived neurotrophic factor) acts as a ligand for Ret (a receptor tyrosine kinase) to stimulate ureteric bud formation |
|
|
When does kidney ascent take place? How does this ascent occur? |
Between weeks 6 - 9. The rest of the body grows while the kidneys stay where they are |
|
|
What force drives urine through the ureters? |
Peristaltic contractions |
|
|
What is PKD? |
Polycystic Kidney Disease, where fluid-filled cysts form. Patients will require renal transplant or dialysis |
|
|
What is the allantois? What does it go on to form? |
A small diverticulum of the hindgut. Goes on to form the bladder |
|
|
What separates the urogenital sinus from the anorectal canal? |
Urorectal septum |
|
|
Which structures form the trigone of the bladder and when do they do this? |
The distal mesonephric ducts, between weeks 6 and 8 |
|
|
What is the urachus? |
The fibrous remnant of the superior allantois, which goes on to form the median vesico-umbilical ligament |
|
|
From which week is the metanephric kidney functional? What does it produce? |
12 - amniotic fluid |
|
|
What causes urine become more concentrated after birth? |
The lengthening of the loops of Henle |
