Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what does the gatecontrol theory explain?
|
how pain impulses reach the brain for interpretation |
|
|
what are endorphins? |
natural body substances similar to morphine..they increase during pregnancy and reach a peak during labor |
|
|
what is amniotomy? |
artificial rupture of the membranes |
|
|
what is efflurage? |
a techniques that stimulates the large-diameter nerve fibers that inhibit painful stimuli traveling through the small-diameter nerve fibers. |
|
|
what do regional anesthetics do? |
block sensation from a localized area without causing a loss of consciousness |
|
|
what do general anesthetics do? |
they cause a loss of consciousness and sensation of pain |
|
|
when are narcotic analgesics avoided? |
if birth is expected in one hour |
|
|
what is used to reverse respiratory depression? |
Naloxone (Narcan)
|
|
|
what drugs enhance the pain-relieveing action of analgesics and reduce nausea?
|
adjunctive drugs |
|
|
what are the meninges three layers? (membranes around the spinal cord)
|
-dura mater -arachnoid matter -pia matter |
|
|
where is the epidural space located?
|
between the dura matter and the inside bony covering of the brain or spinal cord |
|
|
where is the subdural space located? |
between the dura matter and the arachnoid matter |
|
|
where is the subarachnoid space located? |
between the arachnoid matter and the pia matter |
|
|
where are local and pudenal blocks given? |
in the vagina |
|
|
what type of birth is the pudenal bloack used for? |
vaginal births |
|
|
when is a pudenalblock given? |
just before birth |
|
|
what are adverse effects of a pudendal block? |
-possibly an abcess |
|
|
when does a women have effects from an epidural test dose? |
if it is in the wrong spot |
|
|
what does numbness or loss of movement mean after a test does of epidural is given? |
that the dura matter was probably punctured and the drug was entered into the subarachnoid space. |
|
|
what are symptoms that suggest injection into a vein?
|
numbness around the mouth, ringing in the ears, visual disturbances, or jitterness |
|
|
what position should a pregnant women avoid? |
supine posistion |
|
|
what happens if the dura is punctured? |
a relatively large amount of spinal fluid can leak from the hole,which may result in headache |
|
|
when is an epidural block not used? |
-an infection in the area of injection or a systemic infection -hypovolemia (inadequate blood volume) |
|
|
what are common side effects from an epidural block? |
|
|
|
what are the main adverse reactions from a subarachnoid block? |
hypotension and urinary retention |
|
|
what is a blood patch? |
the woman's blood (10 mL to 15mL) is withdrawn from her vein and injected into the epidural space in the area of the subarachnoid puncture (provides relief from headache) |
|
|
what can reduce placental blood flow? |
hypotension |
|
|
what may reduce sensation of rectal pressure? |
an epidural block |
|
|
what is amnioinfusion> |
injection of warmed sterile saline or lactated Ringer's solution into the uterus via an intrcraniel pressure catheter during labor after the membranes have ruptured |
|
|
what is oligohydramnios?
|
lower-than-normal amount of amniotic fluid |
|
|
what does amnioninfusion do?
|
replaces the "cushion" for the umbilical cord and relieves the variable decelerations of the fetal heart rate that may occur during contractions when decreased amniotic fluid ispresent |
|
|
what is an amniotomy? |
artificial rupture of membranes (AROM) |
|
|
why is amniotomy done? |
to stimulate contractions (usually contractions that have already begun) |
|
|
what complications may occur with amniotomy?
|
prolapse of the umbilical cord, infection, abruption placentae |
|
|
what is augmntaion?
|
the stimulation of contractions after they have begun naturally |
|
|
what is induction? |
the intentional initiation of labor |
|
|
what is the Bishop score used for?
|
the asses the staus of the cervix in determining its response to induction |
|
|
what is cervical ripening? |
when the women's cervix is soft, partially effaced, and beginning to dilate |
|
|
what does prostaglandin do?
|
commercially prepared vagina insert that softens the cervix when applied before labor induction |
|
|
what is laminaria? |
a narrow cone of a substance that absorbs water and is known as an "osmotic dilator", it sweels inside the cervix and causes cervical dilation |
|
|
what does stimulating the nipples cause?
|
the release of oxytocin |
|
|
why can fetal compromise occur? |
because blood flow to the placenta is reduced if contractions are excessive |
|
|
why does water intoxification sometimes occur? |
becauses oxytocin inhibits the excretion of urine and promotesfluid retention |
|
|
what are the most common signs of fetal compromise? |
fetal HR outside the normal range, late decerations, and loss of variability |
|
|
what is version? |
method of changing the fetal presentation, usually from breech to cephalic |
|
|
what are the two methods of version?
|
-internal |
|
|
when is external version done?
|
after 37 weeks |
|
|
what is internal version? |
it is an emergency procedure |
|
|
what is chignon?
|
circular edema on the infants sccalp |
|
|
what is dystocia? |
a term used to describe a difficult labor |
|
|
what is puerperium?
|
the 6 weeks following childbirth (4th trimester) |
|
|
what hormones fall in the 3rd stage of labor?
|
blood levels of placental hormones, human placental lactogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone |
|
|
what does involution mean? |
the changes that the reproductive organs, particularly the uterus undergo after birth to return them to their preprganancy size and condition |
|
|
how long does it take for the uterus to return to its prepregnant state? |
5 to 6 weeks |
|
|
what does subinvolution mean? |
the failure of the uterus to return to its prepregnant state within 6 weeks |
|
|
when is the uterine lining shed during pregnancy? |
when the placenta detaches it is fully healed in 6 to 7 weeks |
|
|
where can the fundus be felt as soon as the placenta is shed? |
at the midline |
|
|
when should the fundus no longer be palpable? |
by ten days postpartum |
|
|
what is lochia? |
vaginal discharge after delivery |
|
|
what is lochia rubra? |
red, it last about 3 days after birth |
|
|
what is lochia serosa? |
pinkish, it last from the 3rd to 10th day |
|
|
what is lochia alba? |
mostly mucus and clear, it last from the 10th day to the 21st day after birth |
|
|
why should a poorly contracted uterus be messaged? |
to prevent hemorrhage |
|
|
what medications are given to stimulate uterine contractions? |
-methylergonovine (merthergine) |
|
|
whatare rugae? |
vaginal folds |
|
|
when do rugae reappear after birth? |
3 weeks |
|
|
when does the vagina regain its prepregnancy form? |
within 6 weeks |
|
|
what causes a rise in follicle-stimulating-hormone? |
delivery of the placenta when estrogen and progesterone is stopped |
|
|
when does the menstrual cycle return? |
6 to 8 weeks if not breastfedding |
|
|
can ovulation occur with or without menstrual bleeding? |
yes |
|
|
how are the breast for the first 3 days? |
full and soft |
|
|
when do the breast become firm and lumpy and why? |
by the third day because blood flow increases and milk production begins |
|
|
when do breast of the nonursing mother return to normal size? |
1 to 2 weeks |
|
|
how much blood is lost in vaginal birth |
500mL |
|
|
hpow much blood is lost in cesarean birth? |
1000mL |
|
|
are blood clotting factors high during pregnancy? |
yes |
|
|
when do WBCs return to normal? |
12 days after birth |
|
|
what does a high pulse rate often indicate? |
hypovolemia |
|
|
when does kidney function return to normal? |
a month after birth |
|
|
when does the gastrointestinal system resume normal activity? |
shortly after birth when progesterone decreases |
|
|
what is diastasis recti? |
longitudinal abdominal muscles that extend from the chest to the symphis pubis are seperated |
|
|
when should a women not get pregnant for 1 month? |
after receiving the rubella vaccine |
|
|
when are staples and strips removed? |
3 days after surgery |
|
|
what are the 3 phases of transition? |
-30 minutes to two hours -2 to 8 hours |
|
|
what is the normal temp of the term infant?
|
-36.5-37 C (97.7 to 98.6; axillary) |
|
|
what are the four ways heat is lost?
|
-conduction (direct skin contact with a cold surface) -convection (heat away from the body by drafts) -radiation (being near a cold surface, not in direct contact with it |
|
|
why do newborns loose heat directlt after birth? |
because amniotic fluid evaporates from their body |
|
|
how long may newborns not urinate for? |
for the first 24 hours, and occasionally for the first 48 hours |
|
|
how is gestational age assessed? |
through the Ballard form |
|
|
what is the normal range of BP in an infant?
|
65-95 systolic and 30-60 diastolic |
|
|
what is a two vessel cord associated with? |
other internal anomalies, often the genitourinary tract |
|
|
what do the veins look like on an umbilical cord? |
a flattened cyclinder that does not project from the cut surface |
|
|
when does the cord usually fall off?
|
in 10-14 days after birth
|
|
|
what indicates hypoglycemia in an infant?
|
40mg/dL |
|
|
what is a PKU test? |
screens for abnormalities |
|
|
why do infants have a large number of erythrocytes? |
because they live in a low-oxygen environment in utero |
|
|
what do erythrocytes release into the bloodstream? |
bilirubin |
|
|
what is milk productions three phases? |
-transitional milk (7-10 days after birth) -mature milk (14 days after birth) (bluish color) |
|
|
how long after birth should breastfeeding not be delayed for?
|
6 hours |
|
|
when does a infant swallow with every suck? |
after 4 days |
|
|
what is the "let down" reflex? |
a tingling sensation with milk dripping from breast when a feeding is due |
|
|
how many times does infant nurse breast a day? |
8-10 times at 10-15 minutes each time |
|
|
what are examples of "cows milk" based formulas? |
similac and enfamil |
|
|
what are soy or protein hydrolysate formulas? |
nutremingen |
|
|
what are examples or soy formulas? |
prosobee and isomil |
|
|
how often do you burp infant while feeding? |
every 1 to 1.5 ounces |
|
|
how long should douches and tampons not be used for?
|
until the 6 week check-up |
