Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are some risk factors that can increase the chances of adverse pregnancy outcomes? |
smoking drinking STI obesity Rubella seronegativity HIV folic acid deficiency diabetes (preconception) |
|
|
what is preconception care? what is the purpose of preconception care? |
preconception care is the promotion of health and well-being of both a woman and her partner who desire to have a baby. goals of preconception care is to identify and modify any biomedical, behavioral, or social risks to a woman's health or pregnancy outcome through prevention and management interventions. |
|
|
what are key areas that are obtained from a health history and physical examination during preconception care that can affect pregnancy outcome? |
immunization underlying medical conditions reproductive health care practices nutrition sexuality and sexual practices lifestyle practices psychosocial issue medication and drug use support system |
|
|
what assessments are done during the first prenatal visit? |
the first or initial prenatal visit focuses on screening for factors that might place pregnant women and their fetuses at risk for complications. assessments: collecting a comprehensive health history, lab work, and physical examination. detection and prevention of potential problems educating the pregnant woman on what she can and cannot do while pregnant. |
|
|
what is the purpose for obtaining a comprehensive health history? what are the 3 major questions asked on the INITIAL comprehensive health history? |
the purpose of a comprehensive health history is to determine the health and well-being of the pregnant woman. 3 major questions asked on the initial comprehensive health history are: reasons for seeking care past medical, surgical, and personal history reproductive and menstrual history |
|
|
what is the purpose of taking a reproductive history of a suspected pregnant woman? what is established when taking a reproductive history of a suspected pregnant woman? how is a woman's due date calculated? |
the purpose of taking a reproductive history of a suspected pregnant woman is to determine her menstrual, obstetric, and gynecological history. estimated date of birth (EDB) estimated date of delivery (EDD) estimated date of confinement (EDC) there are many ways to estimate a woman's due date: Naegle's rule: date of LMP - 3 months + 7 days + 1 year birthwheel ultrasound: transvaginal ultrasound (used a 9-11weeks pregnant) can be used to determine EDB |
|
|
what is obtained in an obstetric history? what are certain terms used to describe a woman's obstetric history? |
obstetric history obtains information about a woman's past pregnancies, including any problem encountering during the pregnancies, labor, delivery, and afterward. gravid: a state of being pregnant gravida: a pregnant woman -primigravida: first time pregnancy -multigravida: multiple pregnancies -nulligravida: never been pregnant para: PRETERM BIRTHS, number of deliveries at 20 weeks or greater regardless if the newborn was alive or dead. -primipara: has given birth once after a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks -multipara: has given birth multiple times after a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks. -nullipara: has never given birth after a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks. |
|
|
what does the term G.T.P.A.L mean? |
Gravida: how times has a woman been pregnant? Term births: how term births has a woman had? Preterm births: how many preterm births has a woman had? Abortions: how many abortions has a woman had? Living: how many of her living children does she have? |
|
|
what is done during a physical examination of a pregnant woman? |
the physical examination is targeted to detect any physical problems that could affect pregnancy outcomes. the initial physical examination is meant to set a baseline for future visits. vital signs head-to-toe assessment (including assessing the abdomen and fundal height if appropriate) pelvic examination |
|
|
what laboratory tests are taken during the first prenatal visit? |
urinalysis: this is to test for glucose levels, ketones, bacteria, and albumin blood test: CBC, blood type and Rh factor, glucose screen (for high-risk women), rubella titer, hepatitis B surface antigens, HIV, VDL, RPR cervical smears: this is to test for STIs ultrasound: to test for ultrauterine pregnancy and assess early fetal growth |
|
|
when should a pregnant woman attend her follow-up prenatal visit? |
every 4 weeks up to 28th week of pregnancy every 2 weeks up to the 29-36th of pregnancy every week from 37th week til birth |
|
|
what assessments are done during each prenatal visit after the initial visit? |
weight and blood pressure (which is compared at to the baseline data taken at the initial visit). urine testing to check for glucose, ketones, nitrites, and protein. fundal height measurement to fetal growth. assessment of quickening/fetal movements to determine fetal well-being. assessment of fetal heart rate (should be 110-160). |
|
|
what are danger signs a HCP would teach pregnant women during their prenatal visits? |
first trimester: -spotting or bleeding (miscarriage) -painful urination (infection) -severe consistent vomiting (hyperemesis) -fever (100.4 - infection) -unexplained abdominal pain (ectopic pregnancy) second trimester: -regular uterine contractions (preterm labor) -pain in calf (DVT) -leaking of fluid from the vagina (premature rupture of the membrane) -absent fetal movements (possible fetal distress or demise) third trimester: -sudden weight gain -facial edema -severe upper abdominal pain more severe than heartburn -severe headaches and visual changes (pregnancy-induced hypertension) -decreased fetal movements (fetal distress or demise) |
|
|
what assessments done to determine fetal well-being? |
ultrasonography: this is used to assess fetal heart rate and any malformations of the fetus by providing a visual picture of the fetus. THIS TEST REQUIRES NO PREPARATIONS FOR EXPECT TO EDUCATE THE WOMAN THAT SHE WOUND FEEL ANY SOUND WAVES AND THAT THE GEL WOULD FEEL COLD AT FIRST. doppler flow studies: this is used to test for the velocity of blood flow via ultrasound. alpha-fetoprotein: this is a diagnostic test for abnormal Afp levels in the maternal blood secreted by the fetal liver and passed through the amniotic fluid. EDUCATE THE WOMAN ON WHAT IS BEING TESTED AND THAT A BLOOD SAMPLE WOULD BE TAKEN TO PERFORM THE TEST. marker screening test (Triple and Quad tests): this is a screening test that test for down syndrome and neural tube defect. if positive the pregnant woman would need to get a diagnostic test (amniocentesis, genetic counseling, and ultrasound) to diagnose any abnormality. EDUCATE THE WOMAN ABOUT THE TEST INCLUDING ITS RISKS AND BENEFITS. nuchal translucency screening: this is an ultrasound of the neck of the fetus to determine how much fluid is between its cervical spine and the skin. this is used to test for chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy 1,18, 21) as well as structural abnormalities (cardiac abnormalities). chorionic villus sampling (CVS): this test requires taking a sample of the placenta and testing for the fetus's genetic makeup, karotype, and sickle cell anemia. precutaneous umbilical sampling (PUBS): this is obtaining a blood sample from the umbilical cord to test for ABG, fetal infection, and blood disorders like hemophilia. amnioticentesis: this is aspirating amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac to test for chromosomal abnormalities, karotyping, sickle cell anemia, and viral studies. non-stress test: this is an indirect testing of uteroplacental function by assessing for accelerations in fetal heart rates. accelerations indicate adequate oxygenation to the fetus, thus assessing placental function. contraction stress test: this diagnostic test stimulates contractions in order to see how the fetal heart rate would respond when stressed i.e. contractions. the aim is to stimulate 3 contractions in 10 minutes without any fetal heart decelerations occurring. biophysical profile: this test uses a real-time ultrasound to measure different parameters to determine fetal well-being. -fetal movement: 1-3 fetal movements -fetal tone: 1-3 flexion and extension of fetal limbs -fetal heart rate: present -fetal breathing movement: one or more fetal breathe movements of more than 30 seconds -AFV: one or more pockets of fluid measuring 2cm. if present that is 2 points if less than or none that is 0 points the highest score is 10. |
|
|
what are symptoms of pregnancy during the 1st trimester? what can be done to reduce discomfort? |
urinary frequency and incontinence: kegel exercises and emptying the bladder when filling of fullness is sensed. fatigue: get a full night's rest and schedule naps throughout the day. nausea and vomiting: avoid having an emptying stomach, eat dry crackers or toast in bed before rising. breast tenderness: wear a bigger bra size even while asleep and wear a bra with great support. constipation: increase water and high in fiver foods intake and increase activity. nasal stuffiness and bleeding (epistaxis): blow nose gently, do not use nasal congestive spray, increase water intake. cravings: women with nonfood cravings (pica) should advised to add food into their diet alongside their cravings to avoid deficiencies. leukorrhea: advice women to keep up with their vaginal cleanliness, wear cotton underwear avoid tight pants and pantyhose that prevent airflow to the genital area. |
|
|
what are symptoms of pregnancy during the 2nd trimester? what can be done to reduce discomfort? |
backaches: wear low-heeled shoes and place a pillow on your back when sitting down, maintain good posture. varicose veins of the legs and vulva: walk around to help push blood upwards, elevate legs, wear compression stockings, avoid standing/sitting for a long time period, and change positions. hemorrhoids: increase water and high-in-fiber food intake, avoid prolonged sitting and standing, and advice using topical anesthetics. flatulence with bloating: avoid foods like beans, cabbage, and onions and foods high in white sugar, increase water intake, foods with high-fiber, and activities can help reduce flatus. |
|
|
what are symptoms of pregnancy during the 3rd trimester? what can be done to reduce discomfort? |
shortness of breath and dsypnea: elevate the head of the bed or black pillows to help lung expansion, change body position, lay on your sides, DO NOT LAY IN SUPINE POSITION. heartburn and indigestion: eat small meals, do not eat before bed, eat sitting up, avoid spicy foods, stop smoking, take tums to relieve pain. dependent edema: elevate legs, change position, walk around, and wear compression socks. braxton hicks contractions: educate the pregnant woman that braxton hicks contractions are normal, the differences between braxton hicks contractions and real labor contractions, drink plenty of water and stay hydrated, lay in a side-lying position. |
