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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an acute type of infection?
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appears suddenly and or lasts a short time
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What is a chronic type of infection?
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long onset and duration, permanent change, requires patient education for rehabilitation
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What is a disease?
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medical term, there is a pathologic change in the structure of the body or mind
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What is an illness?
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The response of the person to the disease, a person's level of functioning is changed when compared to the previous level
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What are the stages for someone who has an acute illness and what is the nursing role?
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Stages:
Experience symptoms Assuming the sick role Assuming a dependent role (accept diagnoses and follow treatment plan) Achieving recovery and rehabilitation The nurse needs to accept the patient as an individual, gives care based on prioritized needs and facilitates recovery. |
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What is an example of a chronic illness?
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Diabetes mellitus, heart problems and arthritis
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What is the nursing role with patients that have a chronic illness?
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Nurse must make effort to promote health for the patient, with a focus of care that emphasizes what is possible
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What are the primary objectives for a nurse?
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Promote health
Prevent illness Restore health Facilitate coping |
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What affects a patients health and illness?
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.Risk factors for illness (age, lifestyle)
.Human Dimensions (humans needs, temp, fear) .Self concept (self esteem and body image) |
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What are the levels of preventive care?
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary |
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What is primary preventive care?
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promotes health and prevents disease, health risk assessments are used to see what risks that patient has for disease or injury.
Examples: immunizations, teaching self breast exam |
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What is secondary preventive care?
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Focuses on early detection of a disease, the goal is to reduce or reverse the severity of the disease and provide a cure
Examples: giving medications, wound care, encouraging medical and dental screenings, skin cancer, pap smear, STD tests |
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What is tertiary care?
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Begins after an illness is diagnosed, focuses on rehabilitation and reducing disability
Example: physical therapy, support groups |
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How can nurses be a role model for health?
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Nurses must take care of their own health to give effective nursing care to others
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What are the 6 human dimensions?
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Physical (breathing, temp_
Environmental (housing, climate) Sociocultural (relationships) Emotional (happiness) Intellectual (learning) Spiritual (values, beliefs) |
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How does someones socio-cultural background affect their health?
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It is strongly influenced by family, economic level, culture and lifestyle
Low income families less likely to seek medical care and rich people are more prone to stress and illnesses |
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What kind of care do hospitals give?
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Acute care (injuries, need surgeries, having babies)
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What is a primary care center?
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Clinic, doctors office
Nurses here makes assessments, preforms technical procedures, assists physician and provides health education |
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What is hospice?
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Provides care for dying patients, often provided in a home
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What is case management?
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Coordinates a patients health care to maximize positive outcomes and contain costs, coordinate the care provided by others
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What is the chain of infection?
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Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry and susceptible host
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What are the stages of infection?
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. Incubation (interval b/w invasion of body and first sign of symptoms)
. Prodromal (Most infectious, some symptoms, patient doesn't realize their contagious) . Full Stage (Determines the length of the illness and severity of it) Convalescent Period (recovery) |
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What is the difference between medical and surgical asepsis?
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Medical = reducing pathogens
Example: hand washing Surgical= sterile technique Example: inserting a catheter, IV |
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What regulates health and safety standards for workers?
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OSHA, workers get free vaccines
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What is the physiologic/ psychological response to stress?
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Physiologic = LAS and GAS
Psychological = anxiety / fear |
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What is the difference b/w LAS and GAS?
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LAS = Local, get reflex pain response from CNS and inflammation
GAS = general response, GI is affected, adrenal glands and lymphatic structure |
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What are the stages of GAS?
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1. Alarm = Shock/ Counter Shock
shock-fight or flight epineprine- increased heart rate norepinephrine- blood to kidney, urine cortisone- energy Countershock- reversed Resistance changes reverse, body either adapts and copes with stress to get a balance or gets exhaustion |
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What happens during the exhaustion phase?
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Body will either rest or die, it depends on resources available
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What are the types of pain?
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Acute pain= rapid onset, lasts only the recovery period
Chronic pain= has periods of remission and exacerbation, lasts beyond recovery peiod, can lead to depression and anger |
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How is pain management mandated?
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JCAHO
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What are some etiologies of pain?
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Neuropathic
Intractable- resistant to therapy, persists despite interventions Phantom- felt where receptors are absent Radiating- extends in several directions from the source, example- cardiac pain |
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What are the three sources of pain?
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Cutaneous
Somatic- tendons, bones nerves Visceral- organs |
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How can a nurse assess pain?
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Use scale, faces, pattern, effects on ADL's, 5th vital sigh, location
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Basic concepts to culture:
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Cultural Assimilation- when ones values are replaced by the dominant culture
Culture Shock- feel strange in a diff culture |
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Cultural Sensitivity:
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Stereotyping- assuming all members of a culture act alike
Cultural imposition- belief everyone should conform to a major system Culture conflict- occurs when people feel threatened and respond by ridiculing |
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Some conditions are more common in certain culture groups:
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keloids
lactose intolerance- Chinese |
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Illnesses in certain cultures can classified as natural/ unnatural
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Natural- dangerous agents, cold air
Unnatural- evil spirits |
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What is the difference between ethics and values?
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Ethics= poses questions to how we should act, morality
Values= a belief about the worth of something that influences our behvior |
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What are some professional values for nurses?
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Altruism- caring
Autonomy- independent Human dignity- value of yourself Integrity- honest Social Justice- fair |
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Action guiding theories:
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Utilitarian- rightness or wrongness of an action depends on consequences
Deontologic- action is right or dependent on consequences |
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What are the two types of doing ethics?
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Principle Approach- uses both utilitarian and deontologic
Care Bases Approach- nurse patient care is central, how you choose to be |
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What are the nursing standards of practice developed by?
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ANA, describes nurse ethical obligations
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What is the difference b/w an ethical dilemma and an ethical distress?
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Dilemma- 2 conflicting courses of action
Distress- nurse knows right thing to do, but institutional factors make it difficult |
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How can a nurse be an advocate for a patient?
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Support rights, privacy, act in best interests of the patient, promotes autonomy of patients and decision making and educates the public
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What two agencies developed the code of ethics for nurses?
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ANA
ICN |
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What is nursing knowledge?
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Traditional- passed down
Authoritative- expert Scientific- research |
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What does the nursing theory do?
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Differentiates nursing from other professions
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What is involved in the nursing theory?
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Toward a common goal
Provides rational and knowledgeable reason Descriptive Prescriptive, changes practice and address interventions |
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What are come common concepts in the nursing theory?
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person (patient)
environment health nursing |
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Nursing Reseach:
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Quantitative- refines theories, improve care
Qualitative- discover meaning |
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What are the types of loss?
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Actual- can be recognized by others
Perceived- felt by person, not others Anticipatory- displays loss for something yet to occur |
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Grief Stages:
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Bereavement- state of grieving, goes through grief reaction
Mourning- acceptance, person learns to deal with loss |
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What are some signs of impending death?
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Inability to swallow, pitting edema, Cheyne-Stokes respiration's
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What is postmortem care?
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Care of body, family, legal responsibilities, labeling body, death certificate signed and issued, reviewing organ donation
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What is the difference b/w complementary and alternative therapies?
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Complementary- used with traditional medicine
Alternative- used instead of traditional medicine |
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Categories of CAT:
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Whole Medical Systems- culture based (yoga/acupuncture)
Mind-Body Modalities (relaxation,prayer) Energy Medicine- (touch) Biologically Based Practices (botanical agents-herbs, nutritional therapy) Manipulative -break up tension in body structure (touch, shiatsu) |
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What is the purpose of a patient record?
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Communication
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What can you not use when documenting?
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Leading zeros, trailing zeros
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Methods of Documentation:
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Source oriented- each health care group keeps separate form
Integrated record- writes data on same form |
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What are some types of records?
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Medical Record- SOAP
Pie Charting- uses flow sheets/progress notes Focus charting- focus list, uses DAR format, like a teaching method |
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What is charting by exception?
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Flow sheets, reduces documentation and time
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Hand-offs:
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known as report, provide info, must be interactive, occurs when responsibility of a patient is transferred from one patient to another
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SBAR
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SBAR- situation, background, assessment and recommendation
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What is the difference between consultation and a referral?
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Consultation- having others make recommendations
Referral- sending a patient to another professional |
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What are some types of exercise?
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Isotonic- running, jumping
Isometric- muscle contraction Isokinetic- elastic bands, against much resistance |
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Protective Positioning
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Fowlers position (90 degrees) sitting
Prone- face down |
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What is the tripod position?
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Feet 15 cm away, initial crutch stance
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What are the types of wound healing?
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Primary (first)
Secondary Tertiary |
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Phases of wound healing:
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Inflammatory: 3-6 days (hemostasis and phagocytosis which is cleaning up)
Proliferative- collagen formation and granulation tissue Maturation- collagen reorganize, wound remodels |
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Three causes of pressure ulcers:
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Pressure
Friction Shearing |
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What scores the risk for pressure ulcers?
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Braden Score <18 = bad
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What are the types of exudate?
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Serous- clear
Purulent- bacteria, yellow Sanguineous- blood Serosanguineous- clear, bloody mix |
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Nutritional risk for developing a pressure ulcer:
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Albumin <3.5
Lymphocyte count <1,800 Body weight >15% |
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What facilitates bowel elimination?
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high fiber and fluid intake > 2000 mL
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What can iron do to a stool?
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Cause it to be black
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What are come methods in removing the colon?
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Rectal suppositories
Oral intestinal lavage- GoLYTELY Digital removal of stool |
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What are some bowel diversions?
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Ostomy- opening from the inside of an organ to the outside
Stoma- part of ostomy attached to the skin Ileostomy- liquid fecal from ileum Colostomy- formed feces in colon |
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Types of Enemas:
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Cleansing- removes feces from stool
Retention: oil- lubricates stool carminative- expels gas medicated antihelmintic- destroys parasites nutritive Return flow- stimulates peristalsis and expels flatus |
