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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the skull
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Protect the brain
Provide surface for muscle placement which allows for facial expression and mastication |
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What are the immovable joints of the skull?
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sutures
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty swallowing
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What are some questions to ask a person if they noticed about their head and neck?
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hoarseness, change in your voice, frequent sore throats, dysphagia, goiter, lymphadenopathy
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What is an enlarged thyroid?
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goiter
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WHat are swollen lymph nodes?
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lymphadenopathy
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Should lymph nodes be palpable?
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not
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What should you ask about history with head and neck?
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tonsillectomy, skull trauma, tumors, cervical vertebrae injury, thyroid problems, headaches, head injury
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What should you ask about family history?
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thyroid disease, hypertension, migraine headaches
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What are the chief complaints of head and neck?
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stiff neck, hoarseness, neck masses, headache, head injury
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What causes a tension headache?
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muscle contraction
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What causes a tumor?
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intracranial origin
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What causes a migraine?
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vascular origin
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What can certains foods do in relation to head?
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allergies, MSG, caffeine withdrawal, sulfites
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What can cause glaucoma?
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ocular origin
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What can cause a hypoglycemic headache?
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metabolic origin
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What are the 4 types of headaches?
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sinus, tension, migraine, cluster
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What is a sinus headache?
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tenderness over frontal/maxillary sinus
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What is a tension headache?
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located in the front/back of head: vice-like
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What is a migraine headache?
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accompanied by visual disturbance
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What triggers a migraine?
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lights, meds, foods
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What are cluster headaches?
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occur more than once a day every day
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What should you ask about headaches?
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PQRST
P- What triggers it? Makes it better? Q- describe the pain R- where does it occur? S-rate on a scale of 1-10 T- When do you usually get it (Also check text pp. 223-225) |
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What is it called when a person has prominent bony structures?
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acromegely
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What will hair be like with a thyroid problem?
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brittle
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What will hair be like with diabetes?
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wet
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What should you look for with palpebral fissures?
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the part you see in each eye should be equal- you shouldn't see any sclera above the iris
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What is Cranial Nerve 5?
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Trigeminal Nerve
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Is CN5 sensory, motor, or both?
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both
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What is the motor function of CN 5?
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masseter/temporalis muscle, chewing, opening jaw, clenching teeth
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What is the sensory function of C N 5?
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cotton wisp to the face, sharp/dull
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What do you test for in C N 5?
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corneal reflex
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What is C N 7?
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Facial Nerve
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Is C N 7 sensory, motor, or both?
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both
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What is the motor function of C N 7?
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frown, smile, raise eyebrows, puff cheeks
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What is the sensory function of C N 7?
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taste
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What should you check the TMJ for?
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tenderness, crepitations, movement
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What are some parts of the patients history that pertain to the neck?
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hodgkins disease, cervical spine injury, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, degenerative cervical bone disease
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What are some landmarks on the neck?
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sternocleidomastoid, anterior triangle, posterior triangle, trapezius
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What are some things to inspect with the neck?
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postition of the head, placement of the trachea, ROM, masses, thyroid
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What nerve do you check by checking neck resistance in ROM?
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C N XI
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What Cranial Nerve(s) deal with the ability to swallow and speak?
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CN IX and X
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What is bruits?
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the sound of turbulent blood flow swishing sound
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What nerve do you test for when assessing neck strength?
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XI- Spinal accessory
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What are some properties of the lymph nodes?
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filters pathogens, should be less than 1 cm round and smooth, chains of lymph nodes
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Can you palpate both carotid arteries at once?
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no
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Where do you listen for bruits?
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carotid arteries
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What position should you assess the jugular veins?
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45 degree angle- semifowlers
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Where are the preauricular lymph nodes?
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in front of ear
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Where are the submental lymph nodes?
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under chin
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Where are the submandibular lymph nodes?
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under jaw
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What lymph nodes do you feel for?
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preauricular, postauricular, occipital, submental, submandibular, tonsillar, anterior cervical, posterior cervical, supraclavicular, infraclavicular
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What is it called if you see sclera above the iris and the eyes are bulging?
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exopthalmus
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What is C N IX?
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glossopharyngeal
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What is CN XI?
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spinal accessory
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What is CN IX's function?
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swallowing
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What is CN X's function?
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speech
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What is CN X?
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Vagus nerve
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What is CN XI's function?
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turn head against resistance
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When might the nasal septum not be intact?
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cocaine abusers
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What are nasal turbinates?
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folds in mucous membrane, allow for surface increase
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What do the nasal turbinates do?
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clean, filter, humidify, and warm air
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What does nasal hair do?
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transport mucus to pharynx to swallow
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What does the nasal mucosa do?
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traps fine dust particles, lysosomes kill bacteria
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What does the nose look like if you're having allergies?
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gray or pale in color with clear discharge
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What does infection in the nose look like?
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red in color with green discharge
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What is epitaxis?
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nose bleed
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What is C N I?
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olfactor
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What should you ask about nose?
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have you noticed epitaxis, sinus congestion, nasal discharge, snoring, change in sense of smell, frequent upper respiratory infections
a history of nasal surgery, allergies, nasal polyps |
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What do you do to test CN I?
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have the patient close the mouth and one side of the nose and smell an object
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How cna you look at frontal and maxillary sinuses?
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palpate, percuss, and transilluminate
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What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
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lighten weight of the skull and add to voice quality
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Which sinus can you not assess?
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ethmoid
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What can be told if your lips are white or dry?
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if you're possibly dehydrated
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What does CN VII do?
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taste
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What should you look for in patients (especially infants) to assess for cataracts?
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red reflex
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What is sensitivity to light?
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photophobia
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What is double vision?
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diplopia
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Why do you the elderly get dry eyes?
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they have less tears and are more likely for corneal abrasion
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How many types of glaucoma are there?
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2
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What is nearsightedness?
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myopia
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What is farsightedness?
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hyperopia
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Who are at a higher risk for retinal detachment?
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those with myopia or hyperopia
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What runs in families?
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glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, strabismus, color blindness
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What is cross eyes?
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strabismus
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Which sex is more likely to be color blind?
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males
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What should you do with contacts before anastehsia?
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take out contacts
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What can prevent 60% of cataracts?
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sunglasses
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What should happen to the eyes with the corneal light reflex?
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light should shine back at the same spot
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What does the corneal light reflex test for?
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muscle balance
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What is normal eye pressure?
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less than 20
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What is one eye going toward the nose during corneal light reflex?
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esotropia
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What is one eye going away from the nose during corneal light reflex?
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exotropia
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What are some variations seen in the eye of darker skinned individuals?
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dark pigmented spots on sclera, yellowish casts at peripheral margins, optic disk darker in color
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What are common chief complaints of the eye?
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changes in visual acuity, pain, drainage, itching, dryness, redness, foreign body
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What do you use to test for visual acuity?
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snellen chart
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What nerve do you test with the snellen chart?
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C N II
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What is the letters for the right eye?
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OD
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What is the letters for the left eye?
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OS
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What are the letters for both eyes?
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OU
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What is legal blindness?
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20/200
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What do you use to check near vision?
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rosenbaum chart- 14 inches and read newsprint
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What does 20/30 vision mean?
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patient can read at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can read at 30 feet
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When should a patient be referred?
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if more than 2 lines difference between eyes, if both are over 20/40, floaters, halos
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What do you use to test for peripheral vision?
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confrontation test
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When is peripheral vision lost?
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when people develop glaucoma
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What is incomplete eye closure?
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lagopthalmos
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What is eyelid droops?
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ptosis
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What can cause ptosis?
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Bells Palsy
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What occurs when the sebaceous gland gets plugged?
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sty in the eye
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What are deposits around the eyes caused by cholesterol?
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xanthelasma
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What are swollen eyelids caused by?
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endocrine problems
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What is blepharitis?
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scaly, itchy eyelids
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Where is the lacrimal appartus?
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temporal side of eyebrow
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What can test the extraocular muscle function?
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corneal light reflex/ cover/uncover test
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What nerves innervate the extraocular muscles?
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3, 4, and 6
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What is nystagmus?
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shaking of eye
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What cranial nerve allows you to look down at your nose?
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IV
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What cranial nerve allows you to look at ears?
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VI
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What cranial nerve allows you to do all eye movement except looking down at your nose and ears?
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III
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What nerve innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle?
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VI
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What nerve innervates the superior oblique eye muscle?
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IV
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What nerve innervates the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and inferior oblique?
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III
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What is misalignment of the eye?
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strabismus- "tropia"
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What is phoria?
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drifting with a cover and uncover test (only occurs at a certain time)
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What is permanent blindness from uncorrected childhood strabismus?
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amblyopia
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What do you do to fix strabismus in childhood?
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patch the strong eye
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What nerve tests the corneal refles?
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V- cotton ball test
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What do you look for in the cover/uncover test?
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eye drift
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Where is the color of the eye?
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iris
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What is it when the eyelashes turn inward onto the sclera?
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entropia
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What is it when the eyelashes turn outward with the lower lid drooping?
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extropia
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What is normal pupil size?
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2-6 mm
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What is constriction and convergence to a near object?
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accommodation
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Should both eyes constrict in light if shined in one eye?
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yes- there should be consensual responses to light
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What does PERRLA mean?
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Pupils equal, round, reacts to light and accommodation
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Where does the brow rest of the opthalmoscope go?
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toward the face
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When do you use the slit light on the opthalmoscope?
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for lesions
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When do you use the circle light on the opthalmoscope?
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small- not dilated
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When do you use the large circle light on the opthalmoscope?
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large-dilated
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When do you use the blue light on the opthalmoscope?
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abrasions
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When do you use the red-free filter on the opthalmoscope?
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hemorrhage
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What occurs in the eyes with gerontological variations?
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decrease in visual acuity, the lens lose elasticity, the lens hardens, the ability to change shape and focus decreases, presbyopia (difficulty seeing), decreased tear production, thinning of lashes, decreased accommodation, lens yellows and becomes cloudy, pupils shrink and less light gets to the retina, glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration
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What is arcus senilis?
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a halo of light around the iris- normal with aging
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What are some other normal eye difficulties that occur with aging?
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presbyopia, ectropian, entropian, atherosclerotic changes to arteries, arus senilis, degeneration of rods and cones
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What are for color vision?
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cones
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What are for night vision?
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rods
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What should the ear be even with?
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the outer canthus of the eye
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When do the ears develop?
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with the kidneys in utero
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What should you do before using an otoscope?
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look at external ear and ear canal first to check for impaction
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When is cerumen an issue?
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if it blocks the canal and hearing
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Where is the tympanic membrane?
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middle ear
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What are the ossicles?
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malleus, incus, stapes
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What equalizes pressure of the middle ear to the nose?
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eustachian tube
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What should the TM look like?
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pearly gray/flat
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What is ringing in the ear?
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tinnitus
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What is otorrhea?
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discharge from the ear (with a head injury-leaks CSF- test for glucose)
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What is infection of the middle ear?
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otitis media
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What can aspirin do to hearing?
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decrease it
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What does cerumen do?
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protects and lubricates the ear
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What can a bruise on the mastoid bone be a sign of?
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concussion
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What nerve tests the ear?
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C N VIII
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What test checks AC versus BC?
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Rinne
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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something blocking the ear
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What is sensorineural hearing loss?
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nerve trouble with the ear
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What is a negative Weber test?
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no lateralization of the ears- should hear in both ears equally
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What is a good result for the rinne test?
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Air conduction should be twice as long as Bone conduction: AC>BC
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If you push air into the air with the otoscope, when will it not vibrate?
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with otitis media
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What should you do with the pinna for an otoscope exam?
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pull it up and back
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What is a cone of light on the TM?
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there should be light reflecting back at you off the tympanic membrane
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What is a tube put in the ear to drain extra fluid or pus caused by otitis media?
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tympanotomy
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What are signs of otitis media?
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redness, bulging, decreased mobility, otalgia, and risk factors (less than 2 years of age, frequent upper respiratory infections and bottle feedings)
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What is ear pain?
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otalgia
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What are frequent upper respiratory infections risk factors for otitis media?
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because the eustachian tube goes from the nose to the ear
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What are some gerontological variations with the ears?
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presbycusis (hardening and lesser movement of the tympanic membrane)
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What should you do for an elderly client with hearing loss?
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speak slower, face them, allow more time, referral-hearing aid
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