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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Erythrocyte
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Red Blood Cell: Biconcave disk
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Hemoglobin
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Oxygen carrying protein within RBCs. Consists of Heme molecule and globin.
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Red Blood Count
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Number of circulating RBCs per mm3 of blood.
Men: 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm Women: 3.6 to 5.0 million/mm |
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Hemoblobin (Hgb)
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Amount of hemoglobin per dL (100mL) of blood.
Men: 14-16.5 Women: 12*15 |
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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Packed volume of RBCs in 100mL of blood expressed as a percentage.
Men: 40-50% Women: 37-47% |
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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
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Average volume of individual RBCs.
85-100fL/cell |
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Reticulocytes
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Number of immature RBCs per MM3 of blood.
1-1.5% of total RBCs. |
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
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Average concentration of percentage of hemoglobin per RBC.
31-35 g/dL |
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
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Calculated average weight of hemoglobin per RBC.
27-34 pg/cell |
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Erythropoiesis
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Red blood cell production
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Erythropoietin
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Hormone relased by the kidneys in response to hypoxia. Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs.
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Hemolysis
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RBC destruction
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Anemia
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Abnormally low number of circulating RBCs, low hemoglobin concentratio or both.
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Blood Loss Anemia
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Anemi resulting from acute or chronic bleeding.
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Nutritional Anemia
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Rsult from nutrient deficits that affect RBC formation (erythropoiesis ) or hemoglobin syntheisis. May be cause by inadquate diet, malabsorption or an increased need for the nutrient.
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Iron Deficieny Anemia
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Most common type of Anemia. Devlops when supply of iron is inadequate for optimal RBC formation.
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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
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Occurs when inadequate vitamin B12 is consumed or more commonly when it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Deficiency of this vitamn impairs cell division and maturation, especially in rapidly proliferating red blood cells. As a result, macrocyic, misshapen (oval rather than concave) RBCs with thin membranes are produces.
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Pernicious Anemia
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Failure to absorb dietary vitamin B12. Develops due to lack of intrinsic factor.
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Intrinsic Factor
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Substance secreted by the gastric mucosa. Binds with vitamin B12 and travels with it to the ileum, where the vitamin is absorbed. In absence of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed into the body.
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Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
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Characterized by fragil, megaloblastic cells. Due to inadequate intake is more common among people who are chronically undernourished. Includes older adults, alchoholics and the drug addicted.
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Hemolytic Anemias
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Characterized by premature destruction of RBCs.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia. Characterize dby episode of sickling, during which RBCs become abnormally crescent shaped. Causes synthesis of an abnormal form of hemoglobin within reb blood cells.
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Thalassemia
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An inheriited disorder of hemoglobin synthesisin which either the alpha or beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule are missing or defective. Leads to deficient hemoglobin production and fragile hypochromic, microcytic RBCs called target cells.
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Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
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Results from hemolysis due to factors outside the RBC.
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Anemia
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Caused by a hereditary defect in RBC metabolish. Relatively common in people of African and Mediterranean descent.
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Aplastic Anemia
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Bone marrow fails to produce all three types of blood cells, leading to pancytopenia.
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Complete Blood Count
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Done to determine blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices.
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Iron Levels and Total iron-binding capacity
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Performed to detect iron deficiency anemia. A low serum iron concentration and elevated total iron-binding capacity are indicative of iron deficiency anemia.
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Serum ferritin
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Low due to depretion of the total ireon reserves available for hemoglobin synthesis. Ferritin is an iron-storage protein produced by the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Ferritin mobilizes sotred iron when metabolic needs are higher than dietary intake.
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Sickle Cell Test
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Screeing test to evaluate hemolytic anemia and tect HbS.
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Hemoglobin Electrophoreiss
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Separates normal hemoglobin from abnormal fors. Used ot evaluate hemolytic anemia, diagnose thalassemia and differentiate sickle cell trait from sickle cell disease.
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Schilling Test
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Measures Vitamin B12 absorption before and after intrinsic factor administration to differentiate between pernicious anemia and intestinal malabsorption of the vitamin. A 24 hour urine sample is collected following administration of radioactive vitamin B12. Lower than normal levels of the tagged B12 when intrinsic factor is given concurrently indicate malabsorption raterh than pernicious anemia.
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Bone Marrow Examiniation
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Done to diagnose aplastic anemia. In aplastic anemia, normal marrow elements are significantly decreased as they are replaced by fat cells.
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Quantitative Assay of G6PD
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Performed to confirm a diagnosis of glucose 6 hosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
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Iron
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Iron in the diet comes from two sources. Heme iron make sup about onehalf of the iron from animal sources. Nonheme iron includes the remaining iron from animal sources and all the iron from plants, legumes, and nuts. Heme iron promotes absorption of nonheme iron from other foods when both forms are consumed at the same time. Absorption of nonheme iron is also enhanced by vitamin C and inhibited by tea and coffee.
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Source of Heme Iron
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Beef, Chicke, Egg yolk, Clams, oysters, Pork looin, turkey, veal.
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Sources of Nonheme Iron
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Bran flakes, brown rice, shole-grain breads, dried beans, dried fruits, greens, oatmeals.
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Sources of Folic Acid
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Green leafy vegetables, broccoli, organ meats, eggs, wheat germ, asparagus, liver, milk, yeast, kidney beans.
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Sources of Vitamin B12
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Liver, fresh shrimp and oysters, eggs, milk, kidney, meats (muscle), cheese
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Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
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Excess of red blood cells characterized by hematocrit higher than 55%. Two major types: Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) or Secondary Polychthemia
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Primary Polycythemia
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A neoplastic stem cell disorder characterized by overproduction of RBCs and to a lesser extent white blood cells and platelets. Classified as a myeloproliferative disorder. Cause unknown. Colonies of endogenous erythroid stem cells develop.
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Secondary Polycythemia
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Increeased number of RBCs in response to excess erythropoietin secretion or prolonged hypoxia. Most common form of polycythemia.
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Hemostasis
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Control of Bleeding
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Platelet (thrombocytes)
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Cell fragments that have no nucleus and cannot replicate. Metabolically active howere producing ATP and releasing mediators required for clotting.
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Manifestations of Polycythemia
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Hypertension
Headache, tinnitus, blurred vision Plethora, dark redness of lips, feet, ears, fingernails and mucous membranes. Splenomegaly (polycythemia vera) Severe pruritus, extremity pain Weight loss, night sweats Gastrointestinal bleeding Intermittent claudication Symptoms from thrombosis within various organs |