Nur 159 Med Surg: Chapter 32: Hematology

Front 1

Erythrocyte

Back 1

Red Blood Cell: Biconcave disk

Front 2

Hemoglobin

Back 2

Oxygen carrying protein within RBCs. Consists of Heme molecule and globin.

Front 3

Red Blood Count

Back 3

Number of circulating RBCs per mm3 of blood.
Men: 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm
Women: 3.6 to 5.0 million/mm

Front 4

Hemoblobin (Hgb)

Back 4

Amount of hemoglobin per dL (100mL) of blood.
Men: 14-16.5
Women: 12*15

Front 5

Hematocrit (Hct)

Back 5

Packed volume of RBCs in 100mL of blood expressed as a percentage.
Men: 40-50%
Women: 37-47%

Front 6

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

Back 6

Average volume of individual RBCs.
85-100fL/cell

Front 7

Reticulocytes

Back 7

Number of immature RBCs per MM3 of blood.
1-1.5% of total RBCs.

Front 8

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Back 8

Average concentration of percentage of hemoglobin per RBC.
31-35 g/dL

Front 9

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Back 9

Calculated average weight of hemoglobin per RBC.
27-34 pg/cell

Front 10

Erythropoiesis

Back 10

Red blood cell production

Front 11

Erythropoietin

Back 11

Hormone relased by the kidneys in response to hypoxia. Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs.

Front 12

Hemolysis

Back 12

RBC destruction

Front 13

Anemia

Back 13

Abnormally low number of circulating RBCs, low hemoglobin concentratio or both.

Front 14

Blood Loss Anemia

Back 14

Anemi resulting from acute or chronic bleeding.

Front 15

Nutritional Anemia

Back 15

Rsult from nutrient deficits that affect RBC formation (erythropoiesis ) or hemoglobin syntheisis. May be cause by inadquate diet, malabsorption or an increased need for the nutrient.

Front 16

Iron Deficieny Anemia

Back 16

Most common type of Anemia. Devlops when supply of iron is inadequate for optimal RBC formation.

Front 17

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia

Back 17

Occurs when inadequate vitamin B12 is consumed or more commonly when it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Deficiency of this vitamn impairs cell division and maturation, especially in rapidly proliferating red blood cells. As a result, macrocyic, misshapen (oval rather than concave) RBCs with thin membranes are produces.

Front 18

Pernicious Anemia

Back 18

Failure to absorb dietary vitamin B12. Develops due to lack of intrinsic factor.

Front 19

Intrinsic Factor

Back 19

Substance secreted by the gastric mucosa. Binds with vitamin B12 and travels with it to the ileum, where the vitamin is absorbed. In absence of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed into the body.

Front 20

Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia

Back 20

Characterized by fragil, megaloblastic cells. Due to inadequate intake is more common among people who are chronically undernourished. Includes older adults, alchoholics and the drug addicted.

Front 21

Hemolytic Anemias

Back 21

Characterized by premature destruction of RBCs.

Front 22

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 22

Hereditary chronic hemolytic anemia. Characterize dby episode of sickling, during which RBCs become abnormally crescent shaped. Causes synthesis of an abnormal form of hemoglobin within reb blood cells.

Front 23

Thalassemia

Back 23

An inheriited disorder of hemoglobin synthesisin which either the alpha or beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule are missing or defective. Leads to deficient hemoglobin production and fragile hypochromic, microcytic RBCs called target cells.

Front 24

Acquired Hemolytic Anemia

Back 24

Results from hemolysis due to factors outside the RBC.

Front 25

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Anemia

Back 25

Caused by a hereditary defect in RBC metabolish. Relatively common in people of African and Mediterranean descent.

Front 26

Aplastic Anemia

Back 26

Bone marrow fails to produce all three types of blood cells, leading to pancytopenia.

Front 27

Complete Blood Count

Back 27

Done to determine blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices.

Front 28

Iron Levels and Total iron-binding capacity

Back 28

Performed to detect iron deficiency anemia. A low serum iron concentration and elevated total iron-binding capacity are indicative of iron deficiency anemia.

Front 29

Serum ferritin

Back 29

Low due to depretion of the total ireon reserves available for hemoglobin synthesis. Ferritin is an iron-storage protein produced by the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Ferritin mobilizes sotred iron when metabolic needs are higher than dietary intake.

Front 30

Sickle Cell Test

Back 30

Screeing test to evaluate hemolytic anemia and tect HbS.

Front 31

Hemoglobin Electrophoreiss

Back 31

Separates normal hemoglobin from abnormal fors. Used ot evaluate hemolytic anemia, diagnose thalassemia and differentiate sickle cell trait from sickle cell disease.

Front 32

Schilling Test

Back 32

Measures Vitamin B12 absorption before and after intrinsic factor administration to differentiate between pernicious anemia and intestinal malabsorption of the vitamin. A 24 hour urine sample is collected following administration of radioactive vitamin B12. Lower than normal levels of the tagged B12 when intrinsic factor is given concurrently indicate malabsorption raterh than pernicious anemia.

Front 33

Bone Marrow Examiniation

Back 33

Done to diagnose aplastic anemia. In aplastic anemia, normal marrow elements are significantly decreased as they are replaced by fat cells.

Front 34

Quantitative Assay of G6PD

Back 34

Performed to confirm a diagnosis of glucose 6 hosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Front 35

Iron

Back 35

Iron in the diet comes from two sources. Heme iron make sup about onehalf of the iron from animal sources. Nonheme iron includes the remaining iron from animal sources and all the iron from plants, legumes, and nuts. Heme iron promotes absorption of nonheme iron from other foods when both forms are consumed at the same time. Absorption of nonheme iron is also enhanced by vitamin C and inhibited by tea and coffee.

Front 36

Source of Heme Iron

Back 36

Beef, Chicke, Egg yolk, Clams, oysters, Pork looin, turkey, veal.

Front 37

Sources of Nonheme Iron

Back 37

Bran flakes, brown rice, shole-grain breads, dried beans, dried fruits, greens, oatmeals.

Front 38

Sources of Folic Acid

Back 38

Green leafy vegetables, broccoli, organ meats, eggs, wheat germ, asparagus, liver, milk, yeast, kidney beans.

Front 39

Sources of Vitamin B12

Back 39

Liver, fresh shrimp and oysters, eggs, milk, kidney, meats (muscle), cheese

Front 40

Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)

Back 40

Excess of red blood cells characterized by hematocrit higher than 55%. Two major types: Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) or Secondary Polychthemia

Front 41

Primary Polycythemia

Back 41

A neoplastic stem cell disorder characterized by overproduction of RBCs and to a lesser extent white blood cells and platelets. Classified as a myeloproliferative disorder. Cause unknown. Colonies of endogenous erythroid stem cells develop.

Front 42

Secondary Polycythemia

Back 42

Increeased number of RBCs in response to excess erythropoietin secretion or prolonged hypoxia. Most common form of polycythemia.

Front 43

Hemostasis

Back 43

Control of Bleeding

Front 44

Platelet (thrombocytes)

Back 44

Cell fragments that have no nucleus and cannot replicate. Metabolically active howere producing ATP and releasing mediators required for clotting.

Front 45

Manifestations of Polycythemia

Back 45

Hypertension
Headache, tinnitus, blurred vision
Plethora, dark redness of lips, feet, ears, fingernails and mucous membranes.
Splenomegaly (polycythemia vera)
Severe pruritus, extremity pain
Weight loss, night sweats
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Intermittent claudication
Symptoms from thrombosis within various organs