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270 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who built chaco canyon?
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the anazasi?
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how big is chaco canyon?
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nine miles long
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when were the settlements built in chaco canyon?
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between 10th and 12th century.
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when was chaco canyon abandoned?
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the 13th century
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how many Anazasi lived in Chaco Canyon?
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500,000
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How long was Chaco Canyon left untouched?
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100 years
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_______ was found in CC.
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human bones
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Did the Anasazi of Chaco Canyon have a written language?
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no written language was developed, it was thought maybe to possibly keep their culture alive
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Ancient Chacoians put the ________ before themselves.
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earht
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Anasazi studied _________ and placed important occurance on ______.
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sun
time |
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the __________ placement in chaco canyon baffles scientists.
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window
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As the winter solistice nearsed, windows in chaco canyon revealed _________.
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the break of dawn
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Where the Anasazi involved in trade?
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Yes, because stone tools, artifacts and shells were discovered as distant as the coast of mexico
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the ________ were masters of architecture
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anasazi
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scientists used anasazi ________ to recreate the appearance.
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skull
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The Anazasi believed that humans evolved from....
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bugs
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Some think that the Anasazi may have left in order to return to....
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simpler times
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Colonisers first destroyed the _______ and it was a way of destroying how they were as a people.
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Mayan libraries
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what are we reading, when we read about history?
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narrative
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Why is it important to know we are reading narrative?
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different cultures present different narrative
the perspective of their event is invisibilized |
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Many cultures trasmit narratives...
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orally
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Much US History has been invisibilized due to no recognition to...
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oral traditon
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____________ is something that hasn't been tken too much account of.
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oral documentation
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In order to understand a story, you have to realize that __________ is more important than narrative.
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history
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WHat is the traditional narrative of whites?
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pilgrims are what is celebrated on Thanksgiving
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narrative is all important becuase traditionally it is narrative of _______________
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the conqueroe
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Why is the narrative of the conquerer more stuied?
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becuase it defeated inferior people
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
Recently, natives have reached a celebration of ______ of euro contact. |
500 years
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some natives remember going to school and __________________
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that Columbus found America, and Columbus had to tame the "brutal savages"
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
The guy says that his grandfather was telling stories before.... |
christ was born
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
what does one man say about the death of some of his relatives? |
wherever we talk, we leave breath and sweat, and be ause of this, we can still partake in their blood and spirit
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
Our homes, art and religion are similar to _________ |
the earth
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
How do some believe they will be remembered? |
through designs. in the surviving columbus movie, the example of the parrot is given
when the grandmother is dying, she tells the granddaughter that she will always be rememebered for her design |
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
Father Sky fertilized _____________ and from that everything grows |
mother earth
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"Surviving Columbus" Question:
Many spent much time praying for ___________ to hope that more would be available. |
good weather
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Who are the preemient socities of the Americas?
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Aztecs
Incas Mayans |
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Why is it that we believe the Aztexs, Incas and Mayans to be sucessful societies?
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large population
complex architecture technology/sciene agriculture trade complex social org ruling class military |
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medicine men are the same )_________
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as doctors
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Typically, Aztecs, Incans, and Mayans are _____________
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sedentary
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While we are obessed with sendentary culture, nomadic cultures are often not thought of as a __________________
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major civilization
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semi-sedintary people slived on the __________ of these empires
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preripheries
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some higher soceities obligated _________ to pay taxes
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smaller scoties
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what are some example of semi-nomadic tribes?
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anpache, navajo, comanche
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what is the main difference between sedentary and semi-sedentary?
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population
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Barre Tolken "Seeing with the Native Eye: How many sheep will it hold?"
when Tolken's grandfather asks how many sheep a building will hold, how does Tolken interpert this? |
Tolken understands that his grandfather was asking what the function of a big building had
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Barre Tolken "Seeing with the Native Eye: How many sheep will it hold?"
What was one thign that emphasizes Pueblo life? |
religion and community
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Barre Tolken "Seeing with the Native Eye: How many sheep will it hold?"
Much social organization was built around.... |
religion and communicty survival
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Where were kivas usually build
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around plazas
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what is polythestic mean?
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recognized by more than one God
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what type of society did the navajo have?
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a dance soceity
Pueblo Dance was integral part of society |
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Rites of ommunity was always linked to _________________
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community needs
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Pueblo lifestyle revolved around....
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farming
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Much of the Pueblo society lives in and around...
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the Rio Grando
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Women participated in....H
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harvesting crops
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Pueblos were very skilled at _________d
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dry farming
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what is dry farming?
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that you will dig deep enough to access moisture in the earth
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Western Pueblos tilled deep to do ....
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dry farming
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Oftern plants crops among ....
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arroyos
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People will rotate what they plant in ....
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different part of the land
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what were some of the main crops for the pueblo people?
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corn
squash beans |
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the Pueblo people were also very skilled at...
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storing food
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what are moieties?
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one half or two fairly equal parts. people belonged to one of two moeites.
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explain a bit the structure of moietie society?
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one society belonged to the summer, another belonged to the winder. one moietie was in power during a certain season
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Anasazi are known through society as....
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basktmkakers
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Some would say that we are the .....
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bomb generation
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what is Dinetah?
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the navajo homeland
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what is a Hogan?
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could be close by and house life
well developed social and organized life important to understand wihtout privledign, nor different for Dine people |
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The first mother of the Dino people was....
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changing woman
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Kinaalda gave birth to who?
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monster slayer and water
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Because of changing woman story, Dine is a ___________ society.
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matrenlinal
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Changing woman created the first __________
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navajo clans
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for the dine, relgious life was not separate from thier...
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everyday life
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The dine have said to live around the Chaco Canyon area as early ast.....
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the 1200s
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what is Athabskuans?
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apache and navajo in canado, some vocabulary and linguists are similar
they have some similarities in terms of creation story |
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what does it mean that people are made to be a homogenous people?
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lack of understanding imples that they had sense pof homogenity
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what is homogenity?
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looked the same, talked the same, acted the same
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Even among native amaericans, there were .....
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different perspectives
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Navajo/Apache had similar creations tories in thier ...
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belief
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what are some details about the Apache?
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organized around single tribes
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How similar is the Apache to the DIne language?
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there are only a few words that are similar
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"Major Problems in American Indian History"
what did the knotted cord represent? |
how much time was left until the rebellion
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"Major Problems in American Indian History"
what did Pope do? |
he told people to burn images of Christainty
Pope moved those who were moved by the Christian relgioned said he devil had given them that they needed to live like ancestors |
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Why did the indians lose faith in the Spaniards?
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due to a lack of crops
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How was Spain different in the 15th century?
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Primarily as Spain organized in 1500 were a variety of different monarches.
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Spainish colonization in 15th century had a series.....
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of principalities and kingsome
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racilally, spainareds were....
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not all the same
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Spain wasn't a _________ during the 15th century
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homogenous population
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Early on, Spain was part of the Roman empire from __________ to _________
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19 AD TO 409 AD
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Rome developed relgion that influenced large parts of _________.
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SPain
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Who are the Iberians?
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Rome influenced Spainards
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Spanish law was based largely on _______.
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Roman law
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________ was key to lead unification for Spaniards
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Organization
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With the fall of the Roman Empire, ___________ came into the Spanish penisula
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Germans
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The _______ had a 300 year regime in Spain
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Visagoths
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Visagoths created ___________
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feithdoms
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In ________ Spain was invaed by the Moors of Africa
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711 AD
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The early _______ is a period that marks the begging of regime in eastern europe
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700
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The Moors didn't perescute Spainards due to ________
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religious belief
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The Moors helped create schools and libraries so much that some people in the world considered it a _________________
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cultural mecca
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There are different religions in Spain. ie not everyonee was...
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catholic
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WHat were some other religions in Spain during the 700s?
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Islam
Judaism |
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All of the people in Spain were living under the ______ rule
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Moorish
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Who becomes the biggest resistnce against the mooors for their 700 years of rule?
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the castille.
Castille were engaged in protracted resistance against Moors for 700 years |
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What happens from 1200-1400?
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Battles occur between African Muslims, Iberians, and Castillians
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What happens in 1492??
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Moorish King is defeated
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Many ______ stayed in Spain after the defeta of the moors.
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muslims
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Spain is attempted to be __________ after the defeat of the moors in 1492
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homogenizes
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what is main lead to a homogenous population?
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the inquisition starts to take place
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Who were two people who contributed to the unification of Spain?
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Ferdinand de Aragon
Isabella of Castillo ruled during 1400 |
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What was the inquistion?
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it was very much a political process, people often occured of hearseey and/or their subverson
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What are the inquistion used as?
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a tool to create political homeogent
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what does it do?
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it creates that notion that the spanish people arnd pain
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who were considered terroritst of the penisula?
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Basques
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who was interested in the trade to the east during the 15th century?
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french, port, dutch, many europeans
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Spains sees ______/_______ to become involved in trade
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reason/necessity
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Christianity plays a major role in....
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trading
the trading of an idea |
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what are some things that are needed in order to go to war?
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money
soliders weapons horses consturction |
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Participating in ____________ is a way for Spain to gain statue
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trade with the east
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Exploration becomes a __________ for these monarch
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specific goal
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____________ to explore new world becaomes way to gain riches, increase treasury and spread christianty
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strugge
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What did Queen Isabella think?
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that trading might be a good way to bring the "truth" to other nations
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what are the 3 "g"s of spain?
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god
gold glory |
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Native American people forcibly made war of ____________
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new domain
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David Weber refers to basic understanding as a lack of _____________
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understanidng in life
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Basis of misconceptions needed for ___________ of the new world
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control/domain
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purposes that conlict in America happened and did not allow for peaceful for _________into spanish domain
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native americans
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necessity to control, extract riches, to gain stutus, and wcomplete with other....
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european countries
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what does adelantados literally translate to?
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to move forward
the first colonizsts |
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Very often _____________ funded their own money to discover, hoping for a discovery of wealth
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adalendatos
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they ________ their own money with the notion that there were _______ to be found
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adelantos invested
wealth |
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Adelantados gained a ________ from the cron to exploration in the Americas
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lisense
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Sometimes __________ would be offered titles of nobiity, land, go. power, or right to mineral discovery or spoils of way
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Adelantados
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Often _______ specifically chosen so the cost didn't flal on the monarch
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adelantado
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what might be a drive for some people to go to other words?
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myth
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this idea of ______ becomes fuel for many to travel
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mytg
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what were some myths that propelled people to travel?
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califas
el dorado |
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what was califas?
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island of Amazonian women who lived in wealthy environments in terms of natural resources
it was once thought that the penisula of Baja was where Amazonian woman were |
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what was the andelantado who discovered the incas?
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Pizzaro
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Many ____________ beleived in notions of gold
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adelantados
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what was pizzaro seeking when he found the Incas?
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the seven cities of Gold
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what advantages did the europeans have?
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immunity
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What was the impact of disease due to contact to natives?
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one out of every three natives died within a decade of spanish arrival
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Esteban was the first ___________ to enter the natives
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"white man"
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Why were the pueblo people afraid of Estaban Binico?
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because he was a slave trader
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Why was Coronado so easily able to beat the Zuni?
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Due to their arms
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How did the pueblos try to prove to Coronoado that they did not have gold?
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Bys ending a native Begotez to give a tour of the pubelos to prove they had no gold
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After the Spanish let the myth of the seven cities collapse, they began to believe in....
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quivera , the river of gold
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how far did cornoado's expedition go?
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all the way to kansas, and even there they did not find gold
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"The Name of the Conquerer"
what is the name of the conquerer, according to this video? |
the name that is given to the person who reeks of incredible sacrilige
fear and death |
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what happened in 1598?
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400 soliders and indians gathered at the RIo Grande
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What happened on May 30th, 1598?
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Europeans said this land belonged to them
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what was the name of the first spanish colony?
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san juan pueblo
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What is the Manta Chinna dance?
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a Christmas dance that the indians still dance to this day
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_______ was seen as the property of an unseen king
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Acoma
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________ imposed govenrmental sanctions on each pueblo
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spaniards
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Passing of the ________ is the pueblo's way of passing of governmental power
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canes
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WHen spainards came into new mexico, indian labo was not...
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voluntary
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Spaniards forced the Indians to allow Spanish officals to have ______ with the women...
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sex
before they were married |
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what is the difference between exploration and colonization?
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exploration is a temporary situation. it is used to map our land, and identify resources
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are people considered a resource in terms of explorartion?
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yes, because they were in need of peopel for mining, agriculture, and extractiong of weatlh
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what is colonization?
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settlement will be established
permanent presense families are entering to create a community need to bring people from different types of skills |
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indians need to transform into ....
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spanish subjects
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Christainization becomes process by which indian populations...
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are controlled
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what are ways that the spaniards used method to break transmission of culture?
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coercion
seperate the people new education ridding oral tradition NOT ALLOWING THEM TO SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE (all were forced to learn how to speak spanish) |
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What is a good experience of how indans were not supposed to resist authority?
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the onate experience
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who warned the pueblos about the revolt and how did he know?
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Otermin saw an indian kill a monk and he warned the pueblos
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What happened on August 15, 1680?
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500 inians came to attack the weak Spaniards by saying that god and santa maria were dead and that the indian never died
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how many men did Otermin send out to fight the 500 indians?
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100
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what was one thing that truly led to the success for the indians in the pueblo revolt?
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they cut off the water supply
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why did the small amount of men dying of third during the pueblo revolt decide to fight the natives?
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they siad that t was better to die in combat, than in thirst, so they fought
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
how many friars were among the navajo in 1740? |
eight
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
1740- Navajo missions first mission for friars in... |
over a century
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
Dominquez wrote to .... on missions |
report and inspect
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
How did Dominquez find the missions? |
appalling
earh floors no church in sandia |
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
Dominquez judged many friars as bieng.... |
physically incabable
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
Friars had to make ends meat by....... |
themseleves
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
The royal treasury gave them their _________, so morale went down with the priests. T |
stripend
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"Fransiscans Ellipsed" by Jim Norris
Government officail took away friars power, so they could not do things such as... |
destroy kachina doll
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Varo wanted to put ___________ on an Inquisition Investigation
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Govenor Cachupin
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By 1759, friars became _________ in assisting colonial affairs
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impotent
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______ money started going to friars
give an example |
less
1763: 11,450 pesos went to the mission 32,000 went to Santa Fe presidaneal garrision |
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_______ said some missions should be taken over because the monks were not doing a good job
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bishop
this proposal was rejected |
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when did a severe drought hit new mexico?
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1770-1780
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During the drought of 1770, what became prominent?
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indian theft
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Indian theft became so prominent in 1770, that the Spanish sent ...
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for 1500 horses in 1775
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1780-1781: 1/4 of the NM population died, how?
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smallpox
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Smallpox was the cuase for how many people in new mexico, and during what time period?
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1780-1781
1/4 of the new mexico pop died |
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When was the Great Missionary Period?
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1610-1680
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_______ was largely an exploratory mission motivated by desire to disover ________
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wealth
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The Onate expediation was different from coronado's because...
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they were trying to colonize
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the onate expedition has a tragic encounter with pueblo people, but they are still....
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unsucessful
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_______ changed with mistreatment to indians
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onate
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_________ was still targeted as the responsible party for faiure to colonize
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onate
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Coronado's expedition was the first to set sight on the ____________
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Grand Canyon
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Onate recognized the ___________ and the opening out of California
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Colorado River
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Neither expedition of Cornado or Onate is _______________ in maintainging a presense
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successful
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Although the conquistadors are considered failures, what did they accomplish?
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establised tone for indian colonization
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the experience of Onate v. Acoma is something that is....
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recorded in many documents due to the excessive force they put onto the indians
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one of the tings they determines is that there coulnd't be any ....
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resistance to Spanish Colonization
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If you don't abide to the system , you will be....
acording to navajo |
severely dealt with
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others felt it was a brutal and excessively sver reaction to the the region....
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on how the natives were percieved
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Spanish insured indains' submissions to...
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colonization
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Who decreed the "Laws of Discovery"?
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king phillip
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who endorsed campaigns of pacification?
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king phillip
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what does pacification mean?
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not necessarily peace, but pacification
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why is it that so many people wanted to make everyone chrsitain, why was it called pacification?
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it was assumed that if everyone was christain, they were probably going to be peaceful
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what is the matachina?
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a dance that is still practiced among the indians that is still practived today
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What are some of the ways that taught people about Cristian doctrine?
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plays
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Indians were forced to attend daily.....
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mass and t pray
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Daily life was regimented and organized around....
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specific shceudles and specific tasks
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any resistance was ....
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severely punish
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People were recruited to labor for missions. how?
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tending to the livestck
women taught to weave and cook in practival spanish ways and other tasks |
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why were these culturization of tasks bad?
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because men were told to build a wall, which was a woman's job in pueblo culture
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What did punishment include?
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brutal whippings
shaving the heads of native men |
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what are some details about shaving the heads of natives?
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native men found this very disresepctful
ellicted such horrible responses in natives that the viceroy ordered it to stop in the 1620s |
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what was one cuase to the government ignoring rules?
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distance between NM and other areas meant that rules were often ignored
there was no one to police these rules |
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What were some important stategires for dominance?
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relgious leaders were targeterd
the harshest punishments were resovled from missionary leaders |
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What was outlawed in the pueblo?
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dance, song, prayer, traditional celebrations, religious iconogrpahy
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To accomplish tranform missionaries, _________ were all involved in religious domination
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missionaries, civilia authority, miliary
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what is a custodio?
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supervised church government in NM and made sure that pacification was taking place
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what are alcades?
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mayors, enoforced laws, handed problems, and acted as judges
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________ determined that indian/spanish intereactions would be mediated by pueblo governors?
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colonial authories
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______ could electe their own governor
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Pueblo
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From onset_______ take place with pueblo people
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conflcits and people
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what is encomienda?
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feudal relasionship, comes from resistance against moorish rule
created a labor relasionship as form of payment to the crown |
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what are some examples of an encomienda tribute?
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a bushel of corn
blanket |
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In a harsh environment, it was difficult to get to make encomienda payments, esp. during...
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excessive drought
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if they couldn't give materials for encomienda, ....
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they needed to work for it
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the Colonists abused the.... practice
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encomienda
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Indians and future generations were forced to pay off encomienda of....
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ancestors
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some histrains say encomeinda led to a form of....
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slavery
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encomienda practice Took away from projects and...
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labors of missions
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missionaries and colonists fought over...
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indian labor
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_________ wnated to collect tribute from Taos people
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Diego de Peralta
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Friar said that if Deifo Peralta tried to get tribute from Taos people, he would...
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excommuniacte
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encomientda isn't the only institution to monopolize...
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indian labor
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what is a repartimeinto?
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people were distrubited to different taks
prjects building bridges, unloading caravans, sepearting constructions work wasn't allowed ot be denied in theory, repartimeiento was supposed to get paid rules and reg ingored so people were sometimes used excessively |
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what is a rescate?
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meant to be freeing of captured non-pueblo people
means by which colonials exchange good, off captive people |
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"Rescate" process implied that people were...
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colonized
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what are genizaros?
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non pueblo people
not entirely positive becuase they are used as captive labor and allows for seere exploitable |
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1667-1672, there is what, and the three work realsionships are still established during this time
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a severe drought
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during the drought, the indians were still prohibited from performing...
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rain dances
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Spaniards begin to be painfully aware that they aren't protected from outside....
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raiding
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what is requrimeinto?
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requirement read that says tribe must follow certain rules
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what is repartimento?
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more like indentured servitude
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what is the only difference between black slaves and indians under reepartimiento?
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the indians weren't in cahins
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in theory, under encomienda, people could go home and...
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live lives
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what are the other differences between slavery and encomienda?
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people were allowed to intermarry
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what were the envorionmental conditions?
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drought
disease is rampant lots of raids one missioanry said a governor tried to shoot him conflcit of authority is open to everyone in societies |
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natives might think that the reason druoght, disease, and raids occur due to why?
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their gods have forsaken them
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what happened in 1668?
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thousands indians died of starvation, most were children and elders
many were not eating well, u |
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What did the Spanish think the disease was caused by?
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the witchcraft of the indians
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What did the Spaniards do about this witchcraft disease?
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they condemened four "sourcers" to die
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Who decided to retaliate?
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Pope
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How long was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
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about ten days
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The 1680 revolt is the reason...
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the pueblo culture exist today
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what is the "Great Northern Rebellion"
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the pueblos get word that colonists get successfu for colonists
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how long does the great northern rebllion last?
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two years
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within _________ spanish authorities attempt to quell frontier over new spain
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12 years
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what happened in the 18th century?
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it was a period where different empires in costal regions of the pacific
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what kind of diseases did people get when they traveled to the east?
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scurvy
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what was something that spain wanted to watch over?
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mineral deposits
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what are some of the lessons of 1680?
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if pueblo rebelled in order to renew beliefs, it might be expediment not to persecute them for their beliefs
also, it is imporant to develop a cooperative, peaceful coexhistance |
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what is the camino real?
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in parts of the northern frontier, there were very poor roads
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what are carretas?
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wooden carts that need to be pulleed for trade
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what is a mestizo?
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people of mixed race, typically a prodcut of a spanish and indegnoues
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what is a castizo?
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the child of a mestizo and a spainsish woman
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what is a mulato?
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a spanish woman and an an african woman
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what is a cholo?
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a castizo and indian woman
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how many names were there is the racial panish heiracrhy?
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100, and it was acutally registered by missionaries during marraiges/baptisms
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