Neurology Human And Brain Disease

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Tetrodotoxin

Back 1

Prevents action potential
Effects sodium potassium channel

Front 2

Polio kills:

Back 2

kills ventral horn motor neurons

Front 3

Leprosy kills:

Back 3

Kills the dorsal root ganglion cells

Front 4

Botulism stops:

Back 4

Stops transmission at the neruomuscular junction

Front 5

Tetanus stops

Back 5

Inhibition of ventral horn motor neuron

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Embolism

Back 6

Clot that travels from site where was formed

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Thrombus

Back 7

Blood clot that forms in vessel

Front 8

Steps of action potential (3)

Back 8

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

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BBB

Back 9

The blood brain Barrier

Front 10

Knee Jerk Reflex

Back 10

Sensory Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Neuron activates motor Neuron
Motor Neuron excited
Contracts and relieves stretching

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Action Potential Chemical Steps

Back 11

AP axon terminal
Activates Ca++
Ca++ enters cell
Release of neurotransmitter
Affects post-synaptic neuron in synaptic cleft

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Chemical Advantages

Back 12

Reduce noise
excitatory/inhibitory
can be modified quickly

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Electrical Advantages

Back 13

They are fast and reliable

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First 8 segments in neck

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Cervical
(C1-C8)

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After Cervical next 12 segements

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Thoracic
(T1-T12)

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After Thoracic next 5 segments

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Lumbar
(L1-L5)

Front 17

Last 5 segments

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Sacral
(S1-S5)

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Caudia equina

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Bundle of nerves in the lumbar and sacral regions

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Dermatomes

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regions of the skin and muscles innervated by the same spinal nerves

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Paraplegia

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Paralysis of both lower legs

Front 21

Quadraplegia

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Paralysis of all four limbs

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Flaccid

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no reflexes
no resistance to passive movements
Limbs get very skinny

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Rigid

Back 23

Exaggeration of reflexes

Front 24

Spinal shock

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Flaccid paralysis with minimal spinal refelxes

Front 25

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

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Paralysis of lower muscles
Loss of touch and pressure and position on same side
Loss of pain and temperature on other side

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Stroke in spinal cord

Back 26

Flaccid paralysis and atrophy
Rigid paralysis of legs
Loss of pain and temp on legs
Touch and pressure normal

Front 27

Herniated Disk

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Cartilage between vertibrae swells and fires action potentials

Front 28

Overcome the inability of neurons to regenerate

Back 28

Atempting to manipulate environment or to attempt tissue transplant

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Asynergia

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Loss of coordinated movements

Front 30

Chorea

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Involuntary moevement that is arrhythmic

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Ballismus

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Where arm or leg shoot out from body

Front 32

Dystonia(3)

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Focal, Segmented, Generalized

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Focal Dystonia

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affect a restricted region
ex: Writer's cramp
Piano players, trumpet players

Front 34

Segmented Dystonia

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involves few adjacent body parts
Frozen shoulder

Front 35

Generalized dystonia

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Involves lower body

Front 36

Tourette Syndrome

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Start with tics and expand to body
Vocalization tics
repetitive expressions

Front 37

Jumping Frenchmen of Maine

Back 37

exaggerated startle reflex

Front 38

Tremor(2)

Back 38

Tremor during movement
Tremor at rest

Front 39

Parkinson's (4)

Back 39

Tremor at rest
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Postural Deficits

Front 40

Tremor at rest
(Parkinson's)

Back 40

pill-rolling tremor

Front 41

Rigidity
(Parkinson's)

Back 41

continuous rigidity

Front 42

Bradykinesia
(Parkinson's)

Back 42

Slowness of movement

Front 43

Postural Deficits
(Parkinson's)

Back 43

poor ability to maintain posture

Front 44

Cortico-spinal tract

Back 44

Axons from neurons with the cell body in the cerebral cortex that synapse onto Ventral horn neurons

Front 45

Rubro-Spinal Tract

Back 45

Axons from neurons with the cell body in the Red Nucleusq that synapse onto Ventral horn neurons

Front 46

Six primary brain regions involved in motor control

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Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglion
Motor thalamus
Substantia Nigra
Red Nucleus

Front 47

Cerebral Cortex
(motor)

Back 47

Control of eyes, fingers, muscles, legs, chest

Front 48

Cerebellum
(motor)

Back 48

fine motor control of digits and eyes
Smooth and clumsy movements

Front 49

Basal Ganglion
(motor)

Back 49

Responsible for the initiation of movements

Front 50

Motor thalamus
(motor)

Back 50

gateway for interactions between cerebral cortex and cerebellum and basal ganglion

Front 51

Substantia Nigra
(motor)

Back 51

Primary non-cortical input to basal ganglion

Front 52

Red Nucleus
(motor)

Back 52

sends axon directly down the spinal cord
movement of proximal muscles of the limb

Front 53

Striatum made up of three different nuclei

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Accumbens
Caudate and
Putamen

Front 54

Inputs to the striatum

Back 54

the cerebral cortex and the substantia nigra

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Locus Coeruleus

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small nucleus that is made up of neurons that release norepinephrine

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Raphe nucleus

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made up primarily of neurons that release serotonin

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Globus Pallidus

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Projects to the thalamus and release GABA(inhibitory)

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three major neuromodulatory neurotrasmitters

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Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

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G-proteins

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are ubiquitous in the body and are not exclusive for neurons

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Enzymes that g-protein act on

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AC, GC, PH,

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Dopamine

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most cells that release dopamine have dopamine (autoregulation)
Reuptake mechanisms are not very good in pre-synaptic cell

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Inactivation of dopamine due to enzymes:

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MAO
COMT