Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When is the notochord produced?
|
3rd-4th week of development
|
|
|
What produces the notochord?
|
primitive pit portion of the primitive streak
|
|
|
What invaginates forming a neural groove with neural folds on either side?
|
neural plate
|
|
|
The neural folds move together and fuse forming what structure?
|
neural tube
|
|
|
The wall of the neural tube is what type of epithelium?
|
pseudostratified neuroepithelium
|
|
|
Where are neural crest cells located?
|
located dorsolaterally on either side of the neural tube
|
|
|
Neural crest cells in the nervous system form:
|
Cranial and spinal ganglia (pseudounipolar neurons)
Autonomic ganglia Schwann cells |
|
|
The pseudostratified neuroepithelial wall of the neural tube neuroblasts differentiate and undergo migration transforming the wall into three layers:
|
Ventricular or ependymal zone
Intermediate or mantle zone (future grey matter) Marginal zone (future white matter) |
|
|
Ventricular or ependymal zone forms:
|
Ependymal lining of the central canal
|
|
|
Intermediate or mantle zone (future grey matter) forms:
|
Neuroblasts (neurons)
Glioblasts (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) |
|
|
Marginal zone (future white matter) consists of:
|
Axons and dendrites from the intermediate zone along with glia
|
|
|
Longitudinal groove that forms on the lateral wall of the central canal
|
Sulcus limitans
|
|
|
Divides the neural tube into a dorsal (alar plate) and a ventral (basal plate).
|
Sulcus limitans
|
|
|
Intermediate zone will become the dorsal horn containing sensory or afferent neurons
|
Alar plate
|
|
|
Intermediate zone will become the ventral horn containing motor or efferent neurons
|
Basal plate
|
|
|
What cells directly innervate skeletal muscle?
|
Ventral horn cells (somatic motor neurons)
|
|
|
What cells synapse with postganglionic autonomic neurons (derived from neural crest cells) which innervate smooth and cardiac muscle
|
Lateral horn cells (visceral motor neurons or preganglionic autonomic neurons)
|
|
|
Ventral horn and lateral horn cells are myelinated by what type of cells?
|
Myelinated by Schwann cells (derived from neural crest cells)
|
|
|
What is formed by the joining of the dendritic processes of the pseudounipolar neurons and the axons of the somatic and visceral motor neurons?
|
Spinal nerves
|
|
|
Formed from condensing mesenchyme surrounding the developing CNS
|
meninges
|
|
|
The subarachnoid space develops between what two layers?
|
the pia mater and arachnoid
|
|
|
Myelin is formed by what in the CNS?
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
Myelin is formed by what in the PNS?
|
Schwann cells
|
|
|
What connects the conus medullaris to the coccyx?
|
The filum terminale
|
|
|
By the end of the fourth week of development there are three primary brain vesicles:
|
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
|
|
By the end of the fifth week there are five secondary brain vesicles:
|
Forebrain divides into a telencephalon and diencephalon
Midbrain stays the same Hindbrain divides into a metencephalon and myelencephalon |
|
|
Flexion of the brain occurs at what 2 points?
|
in the midbrain region as the cephalic or midbrain flexure
at the junction of the spinal cord and hindbrain as the cervical flexure |
|
|
Unequal growth between the two flexures produces:
|
A pontine flexure which flexes the cranial portion of the brain back on itself
|
|
|
Cavities of telencephalic vesicles develop into what?
|
lateral ventricles
|
|
|
Three swellings develop in the lateral wall of each side of the diencephalon:
|
Epithalamus
Thalamus Hypothalamus |
|
|
The central canal forms the third ventricle in what region of the brain?
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
Optic vesicles develop which are the primordia of the retinae and optic nerves in what region of the brain?
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
The infundibulum which is the primordia of the posterior pituitary is located in what region of the brain?
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
This region undergoes less change than any other region of the brain
|
mesencephalon (midbrain)
|
|
|
The central canal forms the cerebral aqueduct in what region of the brain?
|
mesencephalon (midbrain)
|
|
|
The alar plates form the superior and inferior colliculi in what region of the brain?
|
mesencephalon (midbrain)
|
|
|
The basal plates form the red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, and substantia nigra in what region of the brain?
|
mesencephalon (midbrain)
|
|
|
What develops cranial to the pontine flexure?
|
metencephalon (pons)
|
|
|
The central canal forms part of the fourth ventricle in what region of the brain?
|
metencephalon (pons)
|
|
|
The alar plates form the cerebellum, vestibular nuclei, and sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve in what region of the brain?
|
metencephalon (pons)
|
|
|
The basal plates form some of the motor nuclei of cranial nerves in what region of the brain?
|
metencephalon (pons)
|
|
|
What develops caudal to the pontine flexure?
|
myelencephalon (medulla)
|
|
|
The cranial portion is flattened and the caudal portion resembles the spinal cord in what region of the brain?
|
myelencephalon (medulla)
|
|
|
The central canal of the cranial portion forms the posterior part of the fourth ventricle in what region of the brain?
|
myelencephalon (medulla)
|
|
|
The alar and basal plates of the cranial portion form some of the sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves in what region of the brain?
|
myelencephalon (medulla)
|
|
|
The alar plates of the caudal portion form the gracile and cuneate nuclei in what region of the brain?
|
myelencephalon (medulla)
|
|
|
Where is the insula of Reil located?
|
in the lateral sulcus
|
|
|
Where is the diencephalon located?
|
in the central core of the cerebrum
|
|
|
What is the diencephalon composed of?
|
thalamus
hypothalamus subthalamus epithalamus |
|
|
What is the brainstem composed of?
|
midbrain
pons medulla |
|
|
What serves as a connection between spinal cord, diencephalon, and cerebrum (sensory and motor tracts)?
|
Brainstem
|
|
|
Contains cranial nerve nuclei
|
Brainstem
|
|
|
Attached to the dorsum of the brainstem
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Consists of outer gray matter (cortex), inner white matter, and cerebellar nuclei buried within the white matter
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Located in the central core of the cerebrum
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Derived from neural crest cells
|
Cranial ganglia and dorsal root ganglia
|
|
|
Marginal zone forms the grey matter of the telencephalon
|
neural tube
|
|
|
Exceeds that of the spinal cord
|
Growth of vertebral column
|
|
|
Formed from the alar plates of the metencephalon
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
Formed from the central canals of the telencephalic vesicles
|
Lateral ventricles
|
|
|
Derived from the pia mater and ependyma
|
Choroid plexus
|
|
|
Inferior surface of frontal lobe
|
Gyrus recti
|
|
|
Located in the frontal and parietal lobes
|
Cingulate gyrus
|
|
|
Divided into a supramarginal and angular gyrus
|
Inferior parietal lobule
|
|
|
Located on the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes
|
Paracentral lobule
|
|
|
Interconnect adjacent gyri and lobes of the same hemisphere
|
Associated fibers
|
|
|
Separated from the putamen and globus pallidus
|
Caudate nucleus
|
|
|
Afferent and efferent fibers of the cerebral cortex
|
Projection fibers
|
|
|
Interconnect lobes of the two cerebral hemispheres
|
Commissural fibers
|
|
|
Cerebral peduncles
|
Ventral aspect of the midbrain
|
|
|
This area is involved with the precise individual muscle contractions in the performance of movement (movement execution).
|
primary motor cortex
|
|
|
involved with the sequencing and coordination of movement (programming).
|
premotor cortex
|
|
|
involved with the preparation for movement (planning).
|
supplemental motor cortex
|
|
|
involved with voluntary conjugate movement of the eyes
|
frontal eye fields
|
|
|
involved with the generation of the proper pattern of signals to the speech musculature for the production of meaningful speech
|
motor speech area
|
|
|
determines affective reactions to present situations based on past experiences, planning and execution, and personality and emotion.
|
Prefrontal Cortex
|
|
|
perception and localization of the somatosensory information
|
primary somatosensory cortex
|
|
|
This area functions in touch localization, which is the ability to name an object placed in the hand (stereognosis) or numbers drawn on the palm (graphesthesia), and in memory of the somesthetic environment and spatial awareness
|
somatosensory association cortex
|
|
|
This area functions in the ability to recognize the significance of sensory information and the differentiation of sensory stimuli, and the planning and programming necessary for the execution of purposeful movement
|
Sensory Association Cortex
|
|
|
this area functions in the recognition of the meaning of written words.
|
Language Area
|
|
|
The dominant temporal lobe plays a primary role in language functions and both lobes function in auditory reception.
|
Primary Auditory Cortex
|
|
|
This area on the non-dominant hemisphere is concerned with the interpretation of auditory information, such as tones, loudness, sound modulation, timing as in music and the recognition of sounds
|
Auditory Association Cortex
|
|
|
This area on the dominant hemisphere is Wernicke's area which is involved in understanding and formulating coherent speech
|
Auditory Association Cortex
|
|
|
functions in the reception of odors
|
Primary Olfactory Cortex
|
|
|
This area functions in the identification of odors
|
Olfactory Association Cortex
|
|
|
This area functions in visual reception
|
Primary Visual Cortex
|
|
|
This area is involved with the recognition of objects, perception of color and depth, and other complex aspects of vision.
|
Visual Association Cortex
|
|
|
These are fibers to and from the cortex and other areas within the brain and the spinal cord
|
Projection fibers
|
|
|
Function in relaying sensory and motor information to and from the cortex
|
Corona radiata and internal capsule
|
|
|
The internal capsule is divided into an anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb
|
Corona radiata and internal capsule
|
|
|
These are efferent fibers from the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus
|
Fornix
|
|
|
These are fibers that interconnect various regions of the same hemisphere
|
Association fibers
|
|
|
These type of fibers interconnect adjacent gyri
|
Short association fibers
|
|
|
function in higher brain activities such as language (eg. reading aloud).
|
Association fibers
|
|
|
These fibers interconnect corresponding lobes of the two cerebral hemispheres
|
Commissural fibers
|
|
|
These fibers let each cerebral hemisphere know what the other is doing and participate in cerebral dominancy
|
Commissural fibers
|
|
|
Interconnects all lobes and consists of: rostrum, genu, body, and splenium
|
Corpus callosum
|
|
|
Located within the white matter of the cerebrum
|
Subcortical nuclei
|
|
|
Function in postural control, maintenance of equilibrium, and eye movements
|
Vestibulocerebellum or flocculonodular lobe
|
|
|
Function in repetitive movements such as walking and scratching
|
Spinocerebellum or vermal and paravermal regions
|
|
|
Cerebrocerebellum or lateral hemispheres
|
Function in the regulation of skilled and complex movements
|
|
|
Connects the cerebellum with the midbrain
|
Superior cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
Connects the cerebellum with the pons
|
Middle cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
Connects the cerebellum with the medulla
|
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
Located ventral to the thalamus on either side of the third ventricle
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Functions in control of autonomic and endocrine activity
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Located ventral to the thalamus
|
Subthalamus
|
|
|
Can only be viewed in a frontal section of the brain
|
Subthalamus
|
|
|
Contains the subthalamic nucleus which is part of the basal ganglia
|
Subthalamus
|
|
|
Largest component of the diencephalon
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
Composed of nuclei that relay information to the cerebral cortex
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
The medial and lateral geniculate bodies are located on the caudal aspect
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
Located on the dorsal surface of the diencephalon and forms part of the roof of the third ventricle
|
Epithalamus
|
|
|
The habenula, stria medullaris, and pineal gland are observed on the dorsal surface
|
Epithalamus
|
|
|
Carry mechanosensory, pain, and temperature information
|
General sensory afferents (General Somatic Afferent or GSA):
|
|
|
Carry special sensory information which relates the body to the external environment
|
Special sensory afferents (Special Somatic Afferent or SSA)
|
|
|
Carry general sensory information (pain, fullness of organ, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors) from visceral structures
|
General (General Visceral Afferent or GVA)
|
|
|
Carry special sensory information that has a bearing on visceral activity (taste and smell).
|
Special (Special Visceral Afferent or SVA)
|
|
|
Innervate skeletal muscle derived from somites
|
Somatic motor efferents (General Somatic Efferent or GSE)
|
|
|
Innervate skeletal muscle derived from branchial arches
|
Branchial motor efferents (Special Visceral Efferent or SVE)
|
|
|
Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle (cranial nerves only contain parasympathetic fibers)
|
Visceral motor efferents (General Visceral Efferent or GVE)
|
|
|
Olfactory
|
SVA
|
|
|
Optic
|
SSA
|
|
|
Occulomotor
|
GSE, GVE
|
|
|
Trochlear
|
GSE
|
|
|
Trigeminal
|
GSA, SVE
|
|
|
Abducens
|
GSE
|
|
|
Facial
|
GSA, SVA, SVE, GVE
|
|
|
Vestibulocochlear
|
SSA
|
|
|
Glossopharyngeal
|
GSA, GVA, SVA, SVE, GVE
|
|
|
Vagus
|
GSA, GVA, SVA, SVE, GVE
|
|
|
Spinal accessory
|
SVE
|
|
|
Hypoglossal
|
GSE
|
|
|
the only portion of the adult nervous system that retains a primitive segmental structure
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
where the dorsal rootlets enter
|
Dorsolateral (posterolateral) sulcus
|
|
|
Separates the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus (only present above T6)
|
Dorsal or posterior intermediate sulcus
|
|
|
Ventrolateral or anterolateral sulcus
|
where the ventral rootlets emerge
|
|
|
There roots represent afferent (sensory) information
|
Dorsal roots
|
|
|
These roots represent efferent (motor) information
|
ventral roots
|
|
|
forms the cauda equina
|
The dorsal and ventral roots from L2 and below
|
|
|
What rami innervates the deep muscles of the back and the skin overlying them?
|
Dorsal rami
|
|
|
What rami innervate the muscles of the superficial back, trunk, extremities, and neck and the skin of these regions?
|
Ventral rami
|
|
|
Only found from T1- L2 or L3
|
Lateral horn
|
|
|
Connect the gray matter from one side to the other and found throughout the spinal cord
|
Dorsal and ventral gray commissures
|
|
|
Located between the commisures, dorsal horn, ventral horn, and lateral horn; and found throughout the spinal cord
|
Intermediate zone
|
|
|
Somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle fibers (extrafusal)
|
Alpha motor neurons (ventral horn cells or lower motor neurons)
|
|
|
Somatic motor neurons that innervate intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers of a muscle spindle
|
Gamma motor neurons
|
|
|
Their axons leave the spinal cord through the ventral rootlets and terminate outside the CNS
|
Root neurons
|
|
|
Located in the ventral and lateral horns
|
Root neurons
|
|
|
Located in the intermediolateral nucleus and sacral autonomic nucleus
|
Preganglionic autonomic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
|
|
|
Visceral motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle
|
Preganglionic autonomic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
|
|
|
Their axons terminate within the CNS
|
Column neurons
|
|
|
Found primarily in the dorsal horn and intermediate zone
|
Column neurons
|
|
|
What neurons participate in the formation of ascending sensory pathways?
|
Tract neurons
|
|
|
These neurons participate in local circuitry involving alpha motor neurons (reflexes), coordination between spinal cord segments, and coordination between sides of the spinal cord
|
Interneurons
|
|
|
Their axons remain on the same side and same segment of the spinal cord
|
Intrasegmental interneurons
|
|
|
They are interposed between dorsal root afferents, descending tracts, and the ventral horn cells
|
Intrasegmental interneurons
|
|
|
Their axons ascend and descend to neighboring segments of the spinal cord
|
Intersegmental interneurons
|
|
|
They are interposed between dorsal root afferents, descending tracts, and the ventral horn cells in different segment of the spinal cord
|
Intersegmental interneurons
|
|
|
Their axons proceed to the other side of the spinal cord
|
Commissural interneurons
|
|
|
Laminae I-VI form what?
|
dorsal horn
|
|
|
Lamina VII forms what?
|
intermediate zone
|
|
|
laminae VIII and IX forms what?
|
ventral horn
|
|
|
lamin X forms what?
|
gray commissures
|
|
|
What tracts project from the spinal cord to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex?
|
Ascending tracts
|
|
|
What tracts project from the spinal cord to the cerebellum?
|
Ascending tracts
|
|
|
What tracts project from the spinal cord to certain brainstem nuclei?
|
Ascending tracts
|
|
|
What tracts project from the cerebral cortex to brainstem nuclei and to the spinal cord?
|
Descending tracts
|
|
|
What tracts project from certain brainstem nuclei to the spinal cord?
|
Descending tracts
|
|
|
What tracts interconnect spinal cord levels?
|
Propriospinal tracts
|
|
|
What spinal cord level has a large amount of gray matter, and the ventral horn is enlarged for innervation of the lower extremities?
|
Lumbar
|
|
|
What spinal cord level has more gray matter than white matter, and the ventral horn is enlarged in the upper segments for innervation of the lower extremities?
|
Sacral
|
|
|
What spinal cord level has a small amount of gray matter, and the lateral horn is present?
|
Thoracic
|
|
|
What spinal cord level has is the largest, contains the most white matter, and the ventral horn is enlarged for innervation of the upper extremities?
|
Cervical
|
|
|
What type of connective tissue is the dura mater composed of?
|
Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
Where does the dura mater end?
|
It ends at the level of the second sacral vertebrae as the lumbar cistern
|
|
|
Formed when the dura mater splits or separates from the periosteum
|
Dural venous sinuses
|
|
|
Projections of the dura mater that form incomplete septa
|
Dural reflections
|
|
|
Median projection located in the longitudinal fissure
|
Falx cerebri
|
|
|
Median projection between the cerebellar hemispheres
|
Falx cerebelli
|
|
|
Transverse projection between the occipital lobes and the cerebellum
|
Tentorium cerebelli
|
|
|
Projection that forms a roof over the pituitary fossa (sella turcica) and has a hole in it for the infundibular stem of the pituitary
|
Diaphragma sella
|
|
|
Attaches anteriorly to the crista galli , and posteriorly to the internal occipital protuberance and tentorium cerebelli
|
Falx cerebri
|
|
|
Follows the contours of the dura mater in the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
|
Arachnoid mater
|
|
|
Thin fibrous layer adhering to the dura mater with only a film of extracellular fluid in the subdural space
|
Arachnoid mater
|
|
|
function as one-way valves to transfer CSF from the subarachnoid space to the dural venous sinuses
|
arachnoid granulations
|
|
|
Thin layer that follows the contours of the brain and spinal cord
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Forms the filum terminale at the conus medullaris
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Where do the posterior spinal arteries run to?
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
Largest vascular supply to the cerebellum is by what arteries?
|
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
|
|
|
Where do the anterior spinal arteries run to?
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
Where do the medullary arteries run to?
|
medulla
|
|
|
Name the 4 branches of the vertebral artery
|
Posterior spinal arteries
Anterior spinal arteries Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries Medullary arteries |
|
|
Where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries run to?
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
Where do the pontine arteries run to?
|
Pons
|
|
|
Where do the superior cerebellar arteries run to?
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
Where do the posterior cerebral arteries run to?
|
To the inferior surface of temporal lobe; posterior, medial and inferior surfaces of occipital lobe
|
|
|
Name the 4 branches of the basilar artery
|
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Pontine arteries Superior cerebellar arteries Posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Where do the middle cerebral arteries run to?
|
To the lateral surface of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
|
|
|
Where do the anterior cerebral arteries run to?
|
To the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes
|
|
|
What vein do the deep cerebral veins drain into?
|
Great vein of Galen
|
|
|
What 4 veins do the superficial cerebral veins drain into?
|
superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus transverse sinus basal vein. |
|
|
What sinus is located in the dura above the falx cerebri?
|
Superior sagittal sinus
|
|
|
What sinus flows from anterior to posterior into the confluence of sinuses and then into the right transverse sinus?
|
Superior sagittal sinus
|
|
|
What sinus is located in the free edge of the falx cerebri?
|
Inferior sagittal sinus
|
|
|
What sinus flows from anterior to posterior into the straight sinus?
|
Inferior sagittal sinus
|
|
|
What sinus is located in the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium cerebelli?
|
Straight sinus
|
|
|
What sinus receives the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein and flows into the left transverse sinus?
|
Straight sinus
|
|
|
What sinus is located at the internal occipital protuberance and is the dilated posterior portion of the superior sagittal sinus?
|
Confluence of sinuses
|
|
|
What sinus flows primarily into the right transverse sinus but there is a communication with the left transverse sinus?
|
Confluence of sinuses
|
|
|
What sinus is located in the margin of the tentorium cerebelli that is attached to the cranial bones?
|
Transverse sinuses
|
|
|
What sinus flows into the sigmoid sinuses?
|
Transverse sinuses
|
|
|
What sinus leaves the tentorium cerebelli and flow into the internal jugular vein (jugular foramen)?
|
Sigmoid sinuses
|
|
|
What sinus is located on either side of the sella turcica, flows into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses?
|
Cavernous sinuses
|
|
|
What sinuses flows into the transverse and sigmoid sinuses respectively?
|
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
|
|
|
What artery vascularizes the ventral white column, lateral white column, and gray matter except for the dorsal horns?
|
Anterior spinal arteries
|
|
|
What artery vascularizes the dorsal white columns and the dorsal horn of the gray matter?
|
Posterior spinal arteries
|
|
|
What is the largest of the radicular arteries and provides the majority of the vascular supply to the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord?
|
The great radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)
|
|
|
What is the member of class Glycopeptide?
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
To what class does member vancomycin belong to?
|
Glycopeptide
|
|
|
What are the members of class Macrolides?
|
erythromycin
azithromycin clarithromycin |
|
|
To what class does member erythromycin belong to?
|
Macrolides
|
|
|
To what class does member azithromycin belong to?
|
Macrolides
|
|
|
To what class does member clarithromycin belong to?
|
Macrolides
|
|
|
What are the members of class Tetracyclines?
|
tetracycline
doxycycline |
|
|
To what class does member tetracycline belong to?
|
Tetracyclines
|
|
|
To what class does member doxycycline belong to?
|
Tetracyclines
|
|
|
What is the member of class Oxazolidinones?
|
linezolid
|
|
|
To what class does member linezolid belong to?
|
Oxazolidinones
|
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Beta-lactams?
|
Altered transpeptidases
beta-lactamases |
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Fluroquinolones?
|
altered DNA gyrase
or topoisomerase IV |
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Aminoglycosides?
|
altered ribosomes
or modifying enzymes |
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Macrolides?
|
methylating enzymes
|
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Vancomycin?
|
altered cell walls with D-lactate
or D-serine |
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for sulfa/trimethorim?
|
new, drug resistant enzymes (not altered targets)
|
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Chloramphenicol?
|
transacetylases
|
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Tetracycline?
|
Efflux
|
|
|
What is the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism for Rifampin?
|
altered RNA polymerase
|
