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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are pseudounipolar cells and where are they located?
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Neurons with a single process that divides into 2 branches one which extends to a peripheral process and another that extends to the CNS, cells of the dorsal root ganglion
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What are bipolar cells and where are they located
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Neurons with one denrite and one axon. They are found in the cochlear and vestibular ganglia, retina and olfactory mucosa. I.E. organs of special sense
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What are mulitpolar cells and where are they located
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Neurons with one axon and multiple dendrites. They are the most abundant and located in places like ventral horn of the spinal cord
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What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
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Acetylcholinesterase
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What is the order of connective tissue of a peripheral nerve from out to in?
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Epineurium --> Perineurium --> Endoneurium
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What are the differences btw afferent and efferent fibers?
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Afferent --> conduct fibers toward the CNS and away from the body
Efferent --> conduct fibers away from the CNS |
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What is the key role of the astrocyte?
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They form the bld brain barrier
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What are the roles of microglia?
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They phagocytize things
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Which ion is primarily responsible for the resting membrane potential?
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Resting membrane potential is formed largely bc the neuron is permeable to K+ and impermeable to intracellular anions.
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What anions/ions have a high intracellular concentration?
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Potassium
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What anions/ions have a LOW intracellular conc?
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Calcium, Sodium, and Chlorine
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What is responsible for maintaining low intracellular sodium and high intracellular potassium?
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Na/K ATPase
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What kind of channels are key for action potential propagation?
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Voltage gated Na and K Channels
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What channel is key in neurotransmitter rls
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Voltage gated Ca++ channels located more on axon membrane
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In the terms of ions what does a hyperpolarizing current do?
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Add - ions or remove + ions
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What does depolarization / hyperpolarization do to the charge of the membrane?
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Depolarize - inside of cell less negative
Hyperpolarize - inside of the cell more negative |
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What drug blocks voltage gated Na+ channels?
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Tetrodotoxin
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What drug blocks K+ channels?
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TEA - Tetrethylammonium
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Can catecholamine like Ach be uptaken by the presynaptic membrane?
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Yes
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What kind of receptor can Ach bind to to create an EPSP (Ecitatory postsynaptic potential)
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Nicotinic Receptor
EPSPs depolarize the membrane |
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What causes IPSPs
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Hyperpolarizeation of the membrane via opening of K+ channels or influx of Chlorine
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What are the 2 ways that synaptic potentials summate to allow for an action potential?
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Spatial - summate all the different inputs
Temporal - repeated firing of a presynaptic neuron |
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What are the 4 criteria that make something a neurotransmitter?
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1) synthesized by the neuron
2) Rls by presyn neuron in a lrg enough quantity to exert effect 3) action mimicked by exogenous applic 4) Mechanism to remove substance exists |
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Where is Ach found?
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Motor neurons, ALL autonomic preganglionic and parasym post ganglionic
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What role does Ach play?
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Memory
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What role does norepi play?
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Alerting Mechnism
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Where is norepinephrine found
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Post ganglionic neurons of the ANS
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Where is dopamine found?
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Substantia nigra, midbrain and hypothalamus
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Where is serotonin found
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Raphe nucleus of the brainstem
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WHat does Glutamate do?
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Primary excitatory NT of the CNS
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What does glycine do?
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Inhibitor of the spinal cord
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What does GABA do?
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Inhibitor in: basal ganglia, cerebellar purkinje cells, and spinal cord
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What determines whether an transmitter is excitatory or inhibitory?
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The receptor that it binds to
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What is the problem in the dz Myasthenia Gravis
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Autoantibodies are produced to ACh Nicotinic receptors
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What is a treatment regiment for myasthenia gravis?
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ANTIcholinesterase that prevents degradation of Ach at the synapse
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What is the function of satellite cells in the PNS?
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They envelope ganglion cells and are analagous to schwann cells.
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Which synapse is slower somatic motor or autonomic?
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Autonomic
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Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate from?
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intermediolateral cell column T1-L2
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Describe the neuronal length of Sympathetic fibers?
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Short preganglionic, long post ganglionic
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Describe the neuronal length of parasympathetic fibers?
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Long preganglionic and short post ganglionic
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What is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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CN III, VII, IX, X
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What is the parasympathetic pathway of CN III?
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oculomotor nuc of midbrain --> CN III --> ciliary ganglion --> ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae
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What is the parasympathetic pathway of CN VII?
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superior salivary nuc(medulla) --> CN VII --> Submandibular ganglion --> submandibular and sublingual glands
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What is the parasympathetic pathway of CN IX?
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inf salivary nuc (medulla) --> CN IX --> Otic ganglion --> parotid ganglion
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What is the parasympathetic pathway of CN X?
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dorsal nuc of the vagus ( medulla) --> periph ganglion --> multiple organs (hrt, esophagus, stomach, intestines --> l colic flexure
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What types of compounds are adrenergic receptors sensitive to?
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Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Isoproterenol
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What do Adrenergic alpha receptors do?
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Excitatory response of postsyn sym cells ie contract
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What do adrenergic beta receptors do?
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Usually inhibit except hrt where is stim incrs hrt rate and force
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What do nicotinic receptors do?
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Always excitatory. Loc NMJ Nicotine mimics action of Ach
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What do Muscarinic receptors do?
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They are inhibitory or excitatory, found at post ganglionic
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What gyrus in the brain does the corticospinal tract come from?
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Pre central gyrus
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What kind of interaction primarily is found in EPSPs?
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Axodendritic and asymmetrical synapse
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What is the common vesicle shape in IPSPs?
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FLAT
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What kind of interaction primarily is found in IPSPs?
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Axosomatic and symmetric synapse
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What is the common vesicle shape in EPSPs?
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Spherical
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What NTs are usually involved in the transmission of EPSPs?
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Glutamate in brain or spinal cord
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What NTs are usually involved in the transmission of IPSPs?
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Brain - GABA
Spinal Cord - Glycine |
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What is the difference between ionotorpic and metabotropic channel?
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Ionotropic channels let ions in and out, act fast
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What is the difference between ionotorpic and metabotropic channel?
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Metabotropic channels act via a second messanger system and are hence slow
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What is different about excitation and inhibition in the retina?
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excitation - hyperpolarization
inhibition - depoloarization So in retina Glutamate inhibits bc cause depolarization |
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Describe pathway of recipricol inhibition
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1) Excitatory neuron send side axon to inhibitory interneuron
2) Inhibitory neuron than inhibits the motor neurons of the other muscle |
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Describe pathway of recurrent inhibition
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1) Collateral axon on excitatory neuron goes to Renchaw cell
2) Renchaw cell goes to the same alpha motor neuron and inhibits its firing |
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Describe pathway of presynaptic inhibition
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An inhibitor interneuron axon synapses with an excitatory axon, toning the action of the excitatory neuron.
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What proteins play a role in gap junctions?
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Connexins
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What is the cause of Charcot Marie Tooth Disease?
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Caused by peripheral neuropathy and linked to a problem in connexin 32
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Describe the steps of NT rls
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1) Spread of action potential to tip of axon
2) Influx of Ca++ 3) Ca++/Calmodulin dependent kinase phosphorylate vesicle 4) Vesicles rls Ach 5) Ach binds to nicotinic receptors |
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What specific protein is phosphorylated by calmodulin dependent kinase?
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synaptotagmin
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What does acetylcholineesterase break Ach down into?
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Choline + Acetate
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What removes choline from the synaptic cleft?
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Choline Acetyl Transferase
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What does the drug Curare do?
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Binds to the alpha subunit of the Ach receptor, blocking the binding of Ach
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What does neostigmine or physophostigmine do?
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Inhibit acetylcholineesterase
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What do tetanus and botulinin toxins do to neurotransmitter rls?
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They prevent it via cleavage of proteins associated with neurotransmitter release like synaptobrevin
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Where are the synapses in the peripheral nervous system?
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All Terminal Synapses
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Where are the synapses in the central nervous system?
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Mostly terminal some en passant(on side of axon)
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Where are the synapses in the ANS?
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Primarily en passant
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What is another name for serotonin?
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INdolamine
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What is an example of an imitozoline?
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Histamine
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Where does electrotransmission through gap junctions occur?
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Hypothalamus
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Where is Ach synthesized?
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In the cytoplasm then transported into vesicels
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Where is Ach in the pons?
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Dorsolateral tegmentum of the pons
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Where is Ach located in the forebrain?
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Basal nucleus of Meynert
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What enzyme makes glutamate?
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glutaminase from glutamine
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What is the reuptake mechanism for glutamate?
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Reuptake by glial cells or presynaptic neuron
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What happens if there is too much glutamate?
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Overstimulation and cell dies
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What is the pathway to make GABA?
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glutamine --> glutamate --> L glutamic Acid 1 decarboxylase
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