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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ampullae of lorenzini (1600s) |
sharks have pits on face |
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parker |
lateral line of catfish |
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lateral line |
sensory system |
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cupula |
jelly-like covering of neuromast |
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neuromast |
mechanoreceptor input to mauthner cells |
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Ad Kalmijn |
sharks found that any animal in water gives off electric fields by ion leakage into the water |
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michael faraday is known for the |
law of induction |
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law of induction |
move a conductor through a mag field, an electric field will be generated |
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lines of equipotential |
lines around elec field lines along which charged particles move |
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what are the lines of equipotential used for |
navigation |
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bill of DBP |
duct-gland electroreceptors (ampullary organs) 50,000 push rods (eimer's organs) 50,000 electroreceptors |
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majority of DBP cortex is taken up by |
bill |
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how do ampullary organs work |
detect electric field generated by animals' muscle movements detect nanovolt changes |
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that is in the eletroreception pore |
free nerve endings |
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sharks and salamanders both lack |
neocortex |
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neocortex of DBP is like a mix of ___ and ___ and is similar to the ____ of the eyes |
electroreception, mechanoreception, ocular dominance columns |
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pettigrew |
mechanoreception and electroreception in DBP time delay in the movement of prey between mechano and electro |
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what does the time delay in the movement of prey between mechano and electro measure |
distance location of prey |
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coelacanth |
hundreds of millions of years old has ampullary organs |
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latamir |
found the coelacanth |
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strongly electric species |
catfish (350 V) eel (650 V) ray/torpedo (hundreds) stargazer |
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where are the strongly electric species found respectively |
catfish - african eel - south american ray and stargazer - saltwater |
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weakly electric |
mormyrids gymnotids |
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mormyrids |
african nocturnal tiny electric fields |
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gymnotids |
nocturnal |
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what is special about the electroreception of gymnotids and mormyrids |
used for navigation and location detection |
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Lissman |
studied how the weakly electric species navigate |
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electric organ discharge |
wave: continuous buzz- 300-400 Hz pulse: voluntary control of the buzz |
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active electroreception |
using ER for navigation and search occurs with passive ER also |
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electrocytes |
ampullary organs detect passive ER tuberous organs detect animal's own field |
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Tuberous organs |
skin acts as electrosensory retina give off elec field detect that a conductor is nearby based on image projected on skin |
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if the conductor is good/close, the tuberous organs detect ___; and if bad/far |
a high density of electricity, the opposite |
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three electric organs on eels |
main sack's hunter's |
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when searching for prey what organs does the eel use |
all of them in conjunction |
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where are all the internal organs located in the eel |
head |
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facilitation and why does it occur |
each fire of an AP gets larger over consecutive pulses more vesicles fuse releasing more neurotransmitter |
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what are the two strategies eels use if they run into each other |
jamming avoidance response echoing |
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jamming avoidance response |
detect frequency of other eel to see if it is higher or lower; if its higher, it will adjust higher, and if its lower, it will adjust lower |
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echoing and interference |
to avoid interference, the eel will not give off another pulse immediately after |
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westby |
monitoring Gymnotes Carapo studied hunting behavior of prey when hunted by eels |
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in what part of the brain do fish have an electrosensory map |
optic tectums |
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what is significant about the maps at the lover level |
each map is a mirror image of the ones adjacent to it |
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spatial ventriliquism |
perception of the spatial location of an auditory stimulus can be captured by a spatially disparate visual stimulus |
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McGirk effect |
how vision influences perception of sound |
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true or false vision is very good at extracting temporal info |
false vision is not good at extracting temporal info |
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Berry Stein |
detection of sub-threshold stimuli when combined in 2+ modalities, the AP is summed and only then is the threshold reached |
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what three variables does the nervous system use to put modalities together |
time space inverse effectiveness |
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nervous system and its modality blending time |
temporal relationship between stimuli if it happened close in time, it happened together |
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nervous system and its modality blending space |
things that happened at the same spot happened together |
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nervous system and its modality blending inverse effectiveness |
amplitude and integration is strongest when the stimuli is weak or unreliable |
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what is the mammalian version of the optic tectum |
superior colliculus |
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a principle area of the brain for multisensory integration is |
superior colliculus |
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describe the first 3 layers and the second 4 layers of the superior colliculus |
1st 3: vision 2nd 4: cytoarchitecturally defined; multisensory |
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true or false multisensory neurons have multiple overlapping receptive fields |
true |
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which system has the larger receptive fields: vision or auditory |
auditory |
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what happens if the left/right of the superior colliculus is damaged |
contrallateral semi-stimuli neglect |
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which system is there a time delay associated with: vision or auditory |
vision |
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multisensory enhancement |
when the vision and auditory systems work in conjunction in which a boost in APs and behavioral gain are observed |
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neuronal response depression |
when the vision and auditory systems work in conjunction in which a lessening in APs and lessened behavioral gains are observed |
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stimulus onset asynchrony |
there is a time when response is highest the time between the beginning of one stimulus and the beginning of another |
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latency matching |
spot in which time delay of vision is compensated by audition and this causes shiat to line up and enhance |
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discharge train overlap |
responses that do not line up |
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inverse effectiveness |
Wallace and Stein as responses level decreases, the gain from combining modalities increases |
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what do neurons in the superior colliculus do to enhance the signal as much as possible |
integrate information through multiple modalities |
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response depression |
unisensory when 2 visual stimuli are received at the same time, combining them results in a decrease in response |
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multisensory integration depends on what type of inputs |
cortical associative |
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in the mouse brain, which area is a barrolette |
S1 |
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Neurons increase with age but are not integrated integration comes with ____ receptive field of those new neurons are ____ but ____ with sensory experience spatial receptive fields are ____ defined in early postnatal multisensory neurons |
experience huge, decrease poorly |
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spatial disparity results in spatial _____ separation is congruent with ____ separated receptive fields maintain _____ |
receptive field separation amount of shift integration |
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sensory experience ____ time perception in humans |
recalibrates |
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true or false auditory experience will always precede visual experience |
false auditory experience will never precede visual experience |
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trepanation |
evidence that up to 10,000 yrs, ppl have been cutting holes into others' skulls and they survive |
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what was the goal of trepanation |
increase blood flow |
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aristotle |
thought the heart was the seat of intelligence |
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galen |
physician to the gladiator body controlled by brain cerebellum was motor control and cortex was processing |
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bell and magendie |
dorsal and ventral roots bell used anesthisia
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what happens if dorsal roots are cut what happens if ventral roots are cut |
lose sensation but not movement lose movement but not sensation |
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gall |
phrenology discovered the sulci and gyri on the cortex |
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bigalow |
no localization in the brain (countered Gall and phrenology) |
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according to bigalow, if you lose 10% of the brain, what happens |
you lose 10% of all functions, not just one |
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who was Fowler |
follower of Gall |
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significance of Phineas Gage's accident |
proved that phrenology was correct about localization but wrong in theory |
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damage to broca's area |
difficulty in speech production; can be comprehended but no grammar |
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Aubertin |
while cleaning wound of failed suicide patient, pressed spatula on left side of brain, and the patient couldnt talk |
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damage to wernike's area results in |
accurate speech production but makes no sense |
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WADA |
inject barbituate to selectively anethsitize hemisphere to find tumor |
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WADA if you are right handed |
96% of left side is speech dominated |
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WADA if you are left handed |
70% of left side is speech dominated, 15% or right side, and 15% bilateral |
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Saturday night palsy |
shows difference between CNS and PNS if neuron is cut/crushed, lack of sensation and motor control occurs |
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saturday night palsy occurs in the |
PNS |