Neuroanatomy - Basal Ganglia And Thalamus

Front 1

Basal Ganglia is an 1) pyramidal system or 2) extrapyramidal system

Back 1

extrapyramidal

Front 2

Basal ganglia is 1) motor or 2) sensory?

Back 2

motor

Front 3

Name the 5 deep brain nuclei that bilaterally make up the basal ganglia

Back 3

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Claustrum, Amygdala

Hint 3

All Cool People Go Crazy

Front 4

What 2 nuclei make up the striatum ?

What projects to it?

Is it the receptive or output portion of the basal ganglia?

Back 4

The striatum is made up by the Caudate and Putamen

The substantia nigra projects to it

The striatum is the receptive part of the basal ganglia

Front 5

The amygdala is more important in the _________ system than in the motor system?

Back 5

The amygdala is more important in the Limbic System than in the motor system

Front 6

What is the internal capsule and where is it located?

Back 6

A mass of fibers located between the Globus Pallidus, Putamen, and Caudate

Front 7

What the function of the Internal Capsule?

Back 7

A big white matter tract where most of the information leaving the brain travels

Hint 7

Gray matter or white matter?

Front 8

What does the head of the caudate fuse with and what does it make up the lateral wall of?

Back 8

Fuses with the putamen, making up the striatum

Makes up the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles.

Front 9

What is found at the end of the striatum?

Back 9

The amygdala.

Front 10

What is located on its medial side of the putamen?

Back 10

The globus pallidus is located on its medial side

Front 11

what 3 nuclei make up an "arch" of neurons?

Back 11

Putamen, Caudate, Amygdala
(dumb question, but the picture is on slide 3)

Front 12

What runs between the putamen/globus pallidus and the caudate?

Back 12

The internal capsule

Front 13

The internal capsule runs between which nuclei?

Back 13

runs between the Putamen/globus pallidus and the caudate

Front 14

What is the physical relation of the thalamus to the Putamen/Globus Pallidus?

Back 14

The thalamus is located medial and posterior to the putamen/globus pallidus

Front 15

What makes up the lateral walls of the 3rd Ventricle?

Back 15

The thalamus makes up the lateral walls of the third ventricle

Front 16

The thalamus makes up the lateral walls of the __________?

Back 16

The thalamus makes up the lateral walls of the third ventricle

Front 17

The anterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with the________?

Back 17

The anterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with the caudate.
The posterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with the thalamus.

Front 18

The posterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with the ____________.

Back 18

The posterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with the thalamus.
The anterior limb of the internal capsule is associated with the caudate.

Front 19

Afferents to the basal ganglia are received by the __________?

Back 19

Afferents to the basal ganglia are received by the striatum (caudate and putamen).

Front 20

Afferents to the basal ganglia (which part?) come from what 4 places?

Where is afferent in

Back 20

1) Cerebral Cortex (4, 312, 6, 8)
2) Substantia Nigra
3) Thalamus
4) Subthalamic Nucleus

Afferent input to the striatum is relayed to the Globus Pallidus

Hint 20

Which brodmann's areas?

Front 21

what brodmann's area is the principle visual cortex?

What are the associated areas?

Back 21

Principle vision: Area 17
Association: Areas 18-19

Front 22

what brodmann's area is the principle motor area?

What areas are association?

Back 22

Principle motor: Area 4
Association: 6, 8

Front 23

What/where is area 4?

Back 23

precentral gyrus. principle area for motor

Front 24

What/where is area 312?

Back 24

postcentral gyrus. principle area for sensory.

Responsible for an enormous amount of motor output.

Front 25

What are brodmann's areas?

Back 25

mapped out areas of the cerebral cortex based on histological and functionality differences.

Front 26

The substantia nigra releases which two neurotransmitters?

Back 26

Dopamine (inhibitory to the striatum) and ACh (excitatory)

Front 27

The nucleus of the thalamus is called the _____________.

It has a huge projection to the _____________

Back 27

Centromedian Nucleus

Has a huge projection to the Putamen.

Front 28

What is the function of the Centromedian nucleus?

It has projections back and forth to what?

Back 28

It's the primary relay for all things sensory, EXCEPT SMELL.

Relay for your perception of surrounding environment, including movement.

Has projections back and forth to the basal ganglia.

Front 29

Where does the subthalamic nucleus project its afferents to?

Back 29

The subthalamic nucleus projects afferent to the Caudate and Putamen.

It also projects efferents directly to the GP.

(the afferents to the caudate and putamen seems weird. Maybe wrong? idk.)

Front 30

Efferents from the Globus Pallidus project to the __________ (3 things)

Back 30

GP -> Centromedian Nucleus of the Thalamus -> Cortex

GP -> Subthalamus -> GP -> Cortex

GP -> Red Nucleus -> Spinal Cord (rubrospinal tract and inferior olive, which projects to the cerebellum and is involved in movement)

Front 31

Everything coming out of the Globus Pallidus is (inhibitory / excitatory)?

Back 31

Evertyhing coming out of the GP is GABA inhibitory

Front 32

Afferents to the striatum come from what two things?

Back 32

Afferents from
cerebral cortex-->striatum
Substantia nigra-->striatum

Front 33

Afferents directly to the globus pallidus comes from the _____________?

Back 33

afferents from
subthalamic nucleus -->globus pallidus

Front 34

The subthalamic nucleus has afferent fibers that project directly to the ____________?

Back 34

The subthalamic nucleus has afferent fibers that project directly to the globus pallidus

Front 35

Efferents into the putamen synapses on an ____________ that takes the information to the ____________. From there, there are two pathways

Back 35

Efferents-->Putamen-->Interneuron-->GP

Pathway one: GP --> Thalamus --> Cerebral cortex

Pathway two: GP --> Red Nucleus (with the subthalamic projection there)

Front 36

Thalamus receives (sensory/motor) information and (activates/deactivates) the cortex, which increases (sensory/motor) outflow.

Back 36

halamus receives (sensory) information and (activates) the cortex, which increases (motor) outflow.

Front 37

How does the cortex handle the motor needs of your perceived environment?

Back 37

Thalamus receives sensory information and activates it, increasing motor outflow.

Front 38

At rest the __________ is quiet and the ___________ is working

(basal ganglia question)

Back 38

At rest the striatum is quiet and the subthalamic nucleus is working
(striatum does whatever your body is doing. If you're "working" its working, if you're resting, it's resting)

Front 39

During movement, the ____________ is quiet and the ___________ is working.

Back 39

During movement, the subthalamic nucleus is quiet and the striatum is working.

Front 40

athetosis movement

Back 40

slow, writhing extremities or neck

Front 41

Choreaform movement
(type of movement and where)

Back 41

quick, jerky, involuntary, distal extremity, tongue, face.

Front 42

Dyskinesia (definition)
- give two examples

Back 42

involuntary movements secondary to release phenomenon, i.e., an inhibitor is gone and movement it suppressed is now released.
(disinhibition of the thalamus. Results in abnormal cortical activation)

Ex: Parkinson's Disease & Tardive dyskinesia

Front 43

Parkinson's disease
(Cause and 3 Symptoms)

Back 43

Cause: Lack of dopamine. The substantia nigra can't inhibit the caudate, so it fires, causing the putamen to inhibit the GP, allowing the thalamus to fire on the cortex.

Symptoms: resting tremor, flattened affect, shuffling gait

Front 44

Tardive dyskinesia
(cause and symptoms)

Back 44

Tardive dyskinesia:
caused by phychiatric drugs blocking dopamine in the caudate.

Involve tremors of the face, lips, and tongue.

Hint 44

tremors in which 3 places?

Front 45

Huntington's Chorea
(Cause)

Back 45

GABA loss from caudate

Front 46

Sydenham's chorea:
AKA "__________"
cause?
Can it improve?

Back 46

Sydenham's chorea:
- AKA St. Vitus' Dance

- self limiting

- secondary to small hemorrhages following rheumatic heart disease

- Occurs in untreated strep throat. Causes micro-infarcts in basal ganglia. seen often in kids

Front 47

Hemiballism
(cause and symptoms)
can it improve?

Back 47

- Caused by infarcts of subthalamic nucleus.
- Results in contralateral flailing, usually of the upper extremity.

- Self limiting

Hint 47

if you're a hemiball player (semi-ball player) you're not very good and probably a sub. You suck because you just flail your arms around. Good news, though, with practice you can get better.

Front 48

Wilson's Disease
AKA: _______________
(cause and symptoms)

Back 48

AKA "hepatolemticular degenerations"

- Cause: Familial disorder of copper metobolism (copper builds up in the liver and lemticulate nucleus (caudate, putamen, and GP), lesions striatum

Symptoms: Kayser-Fleischer rings around iris, flapping of hands, rigidity

Front 49

How does the thalamus get its projections to the cortex?

Back 49

Through the anterior limb of the internal capsule.
(thalamocortical projections)

Front 50

Which limb of the internal capsule contains "thalamocortical projections"?

Back 50

Anterior limb

Front 51

Which limb of the internal capsule contains "frontopontine projections"?

Back 51

Anterior limb

Front 52

Posterior limb of the internal capsule contains (motor/sensory) pathways projecting up and down core

Back 52

Both.

Posterior limb contains (motor and sensory) pathways projecting up and down core

Front 53

How is the posterior limb of the internal capsule somatotopically arranged?

Back 53

Motor in anterior part of POSTERIOR LIMB. "corticospinal tract". Arranged FAL : face medial, arms, legs lateral.

Sensory in posterior part of POSTERIOR LIMB. Arranged the same way

Hint 53

remember the > | < shape of the internal capsule.

Front 54

What arteries supply the internal capsule? Where do they branch from?

Back 54

Striate arteries. Branches of middle cerebral artery.

Front 55

Rupturing of the small arteries that supply the internal capusle is common in _______? What is the result? What happens if you have a blockage of the middle cerebral artery?

(name the arteries. answer on side 3).

Back 55

Common in hypertension. If one of the striate arteries rupture, only a small portion of posterior limb of internal capsule is impacted (JUST motor, or JUST sensory)

If you have a blockage of the middle cerebral artery, primary motor AND sensory will be affected.

Hint 55

striate arteries

Front 56

what is a "lacunar infarct"

Back 56

a rupture/blockage of one of the striate arteries that supplies the internal capsule. They're so small that only a small portion of it will be affected. Thus there can only be a motor deficit OR a sensory deficit - NOT BOTH.

Front 57

What are the internal medullary laminae?

Back 57

they divides the thalamus

Hint 57

what do they divide?

Front 58

Thalamus is responsible for:

Back 58

repetitive-type, learned, motor activities.

info comes into thalamus, and the basal ganglia puts it into loops and sends it back to the cortex

(lots of connections with the Basal ganglia and cortex)

Front 59

What division/group of the thalamus receives afferent supply from the mamillary bodies and projects to the cingulate gyrus?

What role does this connection play?

Back 59

Anterior group of thalamus.

It connects the mammillary bodies (hypothalamus/autonomics) with the cingulate gyrus (limbic system/affective behavior) and the basal ganglia/cortex (motor). Helps you do what you need to do in the environment you're perceiving.

Front 60

Mamillary bodies are part of what part of the brain?

Back 60

mammillary bodies are part of the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus controls autonomics

Front 61

Cingulate gyrus is part of what system?

Back 61

Cingulate gyrus is part of the Limbic system.

Limbic system controls affective behavior

Front 62

This nucleus of the thalamus has a connection with the prefrontal cortex and controls anger/rage

Back 62

medialdorsal / Dorsomedial nucleus. Scramble it and you can make an aggressive person docile.

MD's are angry

Front 63

This part of the thalamus projects to and receives from the occipital cortex, specifically association areas of visual cortex (18, 19). Also has a connection with the superior colliculus. What is it and what function does it play?

Back 63

The pulvinar nucleus. It's a relay station for vision/movement of the head and neck.

Front 64

This nucleus of the thalamus is a pathway for hearing. It receives input from the lateral lemniscus (from the cochlear nuclei) and from the inferior colliculus. Projects to primary area 41, and association area 42. In transverse gyrus of heschl

Back 64

"medial geniculate nucleus" of the thalamus is a pathway for hearing. It receives input from the lateral lemniscus (from the cochlear nuclei) and from the inferior colliculus. Projects to primary area 41, and association area 42. In transverse gyrus of heschl

Inferior colliculus - your ears are below your eyes
hearing primary area 41 - I like listening to the DMB song #41

Front 65

This nucleus of the thalamus receives direct projections from optic nerves. It projects back to the primary visual cortex (17).

Back 65

"Lateral geniculate nucleus" of the thalamus receives direct projections from optic nerves. It projects back to the primary visual cortex (17).

Front 66

Which lamina of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive contralateral projects?

Which receive ipsilateral?

Back 66

Laminae 1, 4, & 6 receive contralateral projections

Laminae 2, 3, & 5 receive ipsilateral projections

Front 67

What 4 parts make up the diencephalon?

Back 67

1) Thalamus
2) hypothalamus
3) subthalamus
4) epithalamus

Front 68

Pineal Gland
AKA ___________
where?

Back 68

AKA epithalamus
Where? Midline structure on back of third ventricle

Front 69

what substances do the pinealocytes secrete? (6)

Back 69

Neurotransmitters:
1) 5HT (seratonin)
2) NE
Peptides of Neuroendocrine System:
3) Thyrotrophin Releasing hormone
4) LH releasing hormone
5) somatostatin
6) melatonin

Hint 69

SNTLSM

2 neurotransmitters, 4 Peptides of Neuroendocrine System:

Front 70

What role does melatonin play in pineal secretions? In other words, how/when is it secreted?

Back 70

There are direct retinal projections to hypothalamus. The hypothalamus projects to the pineal gland. Pinealcyte secretions have effect on hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

* Light influences the body's response (melatonin)
* esp. important in lower vertebrates

Front 71

What is the function of the pineal gland in pre-pubertal humans?

Back 71

Pineal exerts inhibitory influence on gonads and reproductive system.

Front 72

What happens if a tumor increased secretion/action of the pineal gland in a pre-pubertal human?

Back 72

delayed pubesence.

Front 73

What happens if a lesion decreases secretion/action of the pineal gland in a pre-pubertal human?

Back 73

precocious puberty (early onset).

Front 74

What is the function of the Ventral Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus?

From where does it receive input?

To where does it project?

Back 74

What is the function of the Ventral Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus?
(motor)

From where does it receive input?
(basal ganglia)

To where does it project?
(precentral gyrus and premotor areas)

Front 75

What is the function of the Ventral Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus?

From where does it receive input?

To where does it project?

Back 75

What is the function of the Ventral Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus?
(motor)

From where does it receive input?
(Cerebellum)

To where does it project?
(precentral gyrus and premotor areas)

Front 76

What is the function of the Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus?

To where does it project?

Back 76

What is the function of the Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus?
(principle sensory)

To where does it project?
(postcentral gyrus)