Neuroanatomy 6.01-6.09

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A: denticulate ligament; B: dorsal rootlet; C: anterior spinal artery; D: great radicular artery; E: cauda equina; F: anterior spinal artery; G: dorsal root ganglion; H: dura mater; I: conus medullaris; J: filum terminale

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i) A: dorsal horn; B: lateral horn; C: ventral horn; ii) contains sympathetic preganglionic neurons; iii) thoracic

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i) A: cuneate tract; B: dorsal horn; C: gracile tract; ii) cuneate tract carries tactile and conscious proprioceptive somatosensory information from the upper body; iii) gracile tract carries tactile and conscious proprioceptive somatosensory information from the lower body; iv) lesion to ventral horn results in paralysis of muscles innervated by that spinal cord level (also loss of reflexes)

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a) anaesthesia and paralysis below the level of the lesion. Also have areflexia below the lesion due to spinal shock; b) after spinal shock has resolved, the patient would still have anaesthesia and paralysis below the level of the lesion, however reflexes below the lesion would return and in fact would likely become enhanced.

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a) anaesthesia and paralysis below the level of the lesion. Also have areflexia below the lesion due to cutting of the afferent and efferent reflex limbs; b) there would be no change in symptoms after 3 months – (no spinal shock). The spinal cord finished at approximately vertebral level L1 so this lesion would be immediately below L1 level (L2/L3).

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i) subarachnoid space ii); C3 spinal level; iii) intervertebral disc; iv) C7 vertebral body and C8 spinal nerve passes below; v) spinous process; vi) T1-weighted

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i) A: spinal cord; B: dorsal rootlet; C: vertebral body/intervertebral disc; ii) subarachnoid space; iii) rib; iv) aorta; v) left image – cervical; right image- thoracic.

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i) A: anterior horn of lateral ventricle; B: body of lateral ventricle; C: posterior horn of lateral ventricle; D: third ventricle; E: inferior horn of lateral ventricle; F: fourth ventricle; ii) thalamus and hypothalamus; iii) cerebellum.

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i) A: corpus callosum; B: thalamus; ii) C: interpeduncular cistern; D: pontine cistern; E: superior cistern; F: fourth ventricle; G: cisterna magna or cerebellomedullary cistern; H: central canal; iii) basilar artery; iv) cisterna ambiens

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i) A: falx cerebri; B: tentorium cerebelli; C: falx cerebelli; ii) sagittal suture; iii) superior cistern; iv) cisterna magna

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i) A: transverse sinus; B: sigmoid sinus; C: superior petrosal sinus; ii) internal carotid artery; iii) petrous temporal bone; iv) internal jugular vein.

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i) A: superior cistern; B: cerebral/midbrain aqueduct; C: third ventricle; D: median aperture; E: cisterna magna; ii) pituitary gland; iii) basilar artery.

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i) A: fourth ventricle; B: pontine cistern; C: third ventricle; D: lateral ventricle (trigone); ii) basilar artery; iii) interventricular foramen/foramen on Munroe; iv) T2-weighted

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i) caudal medulla – level of motor decussation; ii) A: gracile nucleus; B: spinal trigeminal nucleus; iii) corticspinal tract; iv) pain and temperature from the ipsilateral face; v) motor to the contralateral body; vi) ventral horn of the spinal cord

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i) caudal medulla – level of sensory decussation; ii) A: spinal trigeminal nucleus; B: hypoglossal nucleus; iii) spinothalamic tract; iv) motor to the tongue; v) pain and temperature from the contralateral body; vi) thalamus.

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i) pons; ii) A: abducens nucleus; B: pontine nuclei; iii) C: medial lemniscus; D: corticospinal/corticobulbar tracts; iv) motor to lateral rectus; v) all somatosensory information from the contralateral body and face; vi) most terminate in the contralateral ventral horn.

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i) caudal midbrain; ii) A: midbrain periaqueductal gray matter; B: inferior colliculus; C: substantia nigra; iii) medial lemniscus; iv) A: defensive behaviours and analgesia; B: auditory relay; v) all somatosensory information from the contralateral body and face.

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i) loss of pain and temperature sensation on the ipsilateral side of the face (due to damage to spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus), loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral body (due to damage to spinothalamic tract), ipsilateral paralysis of soft palate, pharynx and larynx leading to dysphagia and dysarthria (damage to nucleus ambiguous), ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome characterised by ptosis, miosis and facial anhidrosis due to damage to the descending sympathetic fibres located close to the nucleus ambiguous; ii) vertebral artery supplies the lateral medulla.

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A: superior colliculus; B: middle cerebellar peduncle; C: gracile tubercle; D: olive; E: pyramidal decussation.

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i) left – open medulla; middle – pons; right - midbrain; ii) A: corticospinal; B: corticospinal, corticobulbar and corticopontine; all originate in primary motor cortex; iii) C: pontine cistern; D: interpeduncular cistern.

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i) A: olfactory tract; B: oculomotor nerve; C: trochlear nerve; D: maxillary division of trigeminal nerve ii) B: oculomotor nucleus; C: trochlea nucleus; iii) CNIII supplies 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles and levator palpebrae muscle. Damage to CNIII can lead to ptosis (drooping eyelid) and restricted eye movements and outward deviation which causes diplopia. CNIII also contains parasympathetic fibres which supply the constrictor pupillae muscle and the ciliary muscle so damage leads to a dilated pupil and loss of accommodation.

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i) A: optic canal; B: foramen rotundum; C: foramen ovale; D: formen spinosum; ii) maxillary division of CNV; iii) anaesthesia to the region over the cheek and upper lip.

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i) A: internal carotid artery; B: oculomotor nerve; C: trigeminal ganglion; D: abducens nerve; E: vestibulocochlear nerve; F: basilar artery; ii) vestibular apparatus and cochlea ; iii) abducens nucleus.

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i) A: vestibulocochlear complex; B: abducens nucleus; C: vestibulocochlear nerve; D: facial nerve ii) facial nerve supplies motor fibres to muscles of facial expression, stapedius muscle, taste fibres to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and parasympathetic to the lacrimal and salivary glands. A lesion to the facial nucleus or nerve results in ipsilateral paralysis of muscle of facial expression, loss of lacrimation (dry eye), some loss of taste, salivation impaired and hyperacusis (sound is abnormally loud (loss of stapedius which acts to dampen excessive vibrations of the tympanic membrane).

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i) paralysis to the contralateral body due to loss of corticospinal tracts, loss of conscious proprioception and tactile somatosensory information to the contralateral body due to damage to the medial lemniscus; ii) anterior spinal artery.

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A: dorsal horn; B: dorsal rootlet; C: dorsal root ganglion; D: ventral rootlet; E: central canal.

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i) A: basilar artery; B: fourth ventricle; C: trigeminal nerve; D: facial nerve; E: vestibulocochlear nerve; ii) somatosensory information to the face and muscles of mastication; iii) posterior cerebral arteries.

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i) A: oculomotor nerve; B: optic tract; ii) C: interpeduncular cistern; D: lateral ventricle; E: superior cistern; iii) Damage to CNIII can lead to ptosis (drooping eyelid) and restricted eye movements and outward deviation which causes diplopia. CNIII also contains parasympathetic fibres which supply the constrictor pupillae muscle and the ciliary muscle so damage leads to a dilated pupil and loss of accommodation.

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i) A: precentral gyrus; B: central sulcus; C: postcentral gyrus; ii) anaesthesia in the region of the contralateral face.

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i) A: cingulate cortex/gyrus; B: parietal operculum/secondary somatosensory cortex; C: temporal operculum/auditory cortex; ii) A: multisensory information; B: somatosensory; C: auditory; iii) loss of hearing.

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i) A: cingulate cortex/gyrus; B: parieto-occipital sulcus; C: calcarine sulcus; ii) visual information; iii) loss of vision in the contralateral upper visual field.

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i) A: cingulate cortex; B: insular cortex; C: thalamus; D: putamen; ii) viscero-sensory information (including taste); iii) possible change in personality, loss of emotional lability.

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i) A: straight sinus; B: superior sagittal sinus; C: inferior sagittal sinus; ii) pituitary gland, cavernous sinus lies on either side; iii) calcarine sulcus, which is supplied by posterior cerebral artery.

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i) A: precentral gyrus; B: superior frontal gyrus; C: middle frontal gyrus; D: postcentral gyrus; ii) ventral horn of the spinal cord; iii) hand area.

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i) A: pons; B: basilar artery; C: temporal lobe; D: insular cortex; F: superior sagittal sinus; G: cingulate cortex; H: corpus callosum; I: lateral ventricle; J: third ventricle ii) venous return; iii) viscero-sensory.

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i) A: transverse temporal gyrus; B: head of caudate nucleus; C: thalamus; ii) primary auditory cortex; iii) transfer and regulation of all sensory information (except smell) to the cortex.

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1 - B; 2 - C; 3 - D; 4 - E; 5 - F; 6 - A

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i) A: olfactory tract; B: optic chiasm; C: mamillary bodies; D: LGN; E: optic radiation; F: primary visual cortex; ii) loss of vision in contralateral visual field; iii) posterior cerebral artery

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i) A: superior colliculus; B: cerebral aqueduct; C: oculomotor nucleus; D: substantia nigra; E: cerebral peduncle; ii) interpeduncular fossa; iii) oculomotor nerve; iv) contralateral paralysis (i.e. loss of descending corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine tracts)

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A: normal reflex; B: loss of consensual reflex: afferent limb O.K., damage to either EW nucleus or III nerve; C: direct light reflex not working but consensual is - loss of parasympathetic supply to the right eye; D: neither reflex working – afferent limb damaged in right eye.

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i) A: superior colliculus; B: brachium of superior colliculus; C: MGN; D: inferior colliculus; E: trochlear nerve; ii) facial colliculus; iii) genu of facial nerve and abducens nucleus; iv) loss of head orienting reflexes to visual stimuli in peripheral visual field; v) auditory information

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i) A: insula; B: LGN; C: optic radiation; D: putamen; E: GPe; ii) no part of the light reflex would be affected; iii) loss of contralateral visual field

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i) A: calcarine sulcus; B: superior colliculus; C: thalamus; D: optic chiasm; ii) visual; iii) retina; iv) LGN

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i) A: optic tract; B: cerebellar cortex; C: LGN; D: transverse temporal gyrus (A1); ii) auditory; iii) V1

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i) A: prefrontal cortex; B: head of caudate; C: Globus pallidus (internal segment); D: optic radiation; E: putamen; ii) head of caudate and the putamen form the striatum; iii) GP ; iv) putamen and GP

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i) A: septum pellucidum; B: head of caudate; C: insula; D: GPi; E: 3rd ventricle; ii) viscerosensory (interoceptive cortex); iii) thalamus (VA/VL), inhibitory.

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i) A: dentate nucleus; B: vermis; C: middle cerebellar peduncle; D: 4th ventricle; E: pons; ii) lateral cerebellar hemispheres (cerebrocerebellum); iii) The spinocerebellum controls muscle synergy and regulates muscle tone. It regulates the muscle sensory apparatus to compensate for small variations in loads which occur during movements and can smooth out small oscillations.

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i) A: internal capsule (anterior limb); B: corpus callosum; C: Globus pallidus (internal segment); D: 3rd ventricle; E: red nucleus; F: cerebral peduncle; ii) rubrospinal tract; iii) lesions to basal ganglia can result in motor disturbances; iv) contralateral paralysis

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i) A: cerebellar cortex; B: red nucleus; C: substantia nigra; D: floculus; E: middle cerebellar peduncle; F: nodule; ii) vestibulocerebellum; iii) Flocculonodular lobe damage produces disturbances of the equilibrium. Eye movements may also disturbed - spontaneous nystagmus.

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i) A: nodule; B: inferior colliculus; C: pons; D: basilar artery; ii) d and e are correct.

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A: corpus callosum; B: head of caudate; C: putamen; D: internal capsule (posterior limb); E: optic radiation; F insula

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A: optic tract; B: cerebral peduncle; C: red nucleus; D: optic nerve; E: optic chiasm; F: lateral ventricle; G: superior cistern

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i) A: cingulate cortex; B; fornix; C: substantia nigra; D: hippocampal formation; E: putamen; ii) The hippocampus is involved in long-term memory storage. As far as emotional processing is concerned it can compare previous strategies for dealing with emotionally charged situations with your current situation.

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i) A: calcarine sulcus; B: paracentral lobule; C: cingulate cortex; D: corpus callosum; E: medial prefrontal cortex; ii) altered emotional processing – can cause a decrease in emotional lability iii) anterior cerebral.

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i) A: fornix; B: internal capsule (ant limb); C: pineal gland; D: superior cistern; ii) E: VA/VL thalamus; F: pulvinar; iii) E: motor, F: visual (attention)

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i) A: cingulate cortex; B: superior portion of temporal lobe; C: GPi; D: amygdala; E: 3rd ventricle; F: hypothalamus; ii) middle cerebral artery; iii) homeostasis: feeding, defensive behaviour, thermoregulation, sexual behaviours

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i) A: mamillary bodies; B: amygdala; C: hippocampal formation; ii) The fornix connects the hippocampal formation with the mamillary bodies; iii) Ventral Posterior. This thalamic nucleus processes somatosensory information from the head and body as well as gustatory information

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i) A: cingulate cortex; B: hypothalamus; C: clivus; D: thalamus; ii) abducens nerve