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581 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vertigo
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sensation of movement of one's body or of objects moving about or spinning
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Sensory integrity
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is the ability to organize and use sensory information.
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Kinesthesia
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awareness of movement
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Arousal
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is the physiological readiness of the human system for activity
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Alert
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pt is awake and attentive to normal levels of stimulation
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Lethargic
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pt appears drowsy and may fall asleep
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Obtunded
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pt is difficult to arouse from a somnolent state and is frequently confused when awake
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Stupor/Semicoma
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pt responds only to strong, generally noxious stimuli and returns to unconscious state when the stimulation is stopped.
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Coma/deep coma
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pt cannot be aroused by any type of stimulation
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Attention
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is awareness of the environment or responsiveness to a stimulus or task without being distracted by other stimuli.
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Orientation
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refers to the pt's awareness of time, person, and place
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Cognition
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is defined as the process of knowing and includes both awareness and judgement.
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Fund of knowledge
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is defined as the sum total of an individual's learning and experience in life.
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Calculation ability
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assesses foundational mathematical abilities.
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Acalculia
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inability to calculate
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Dyscalculia
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difficulty ion accomplishing calculations
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Exteroceptors
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responsible for the superficial sensations
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Proprioceptors
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responsible for deep sensations
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Mechanoreceptors
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which respond to mechnical deformation of the receptor
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Thermoreceptors
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which respond to changes in temperature
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Nociceptors
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which respond to noxious stimuli
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Chemoreceptors
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which respond to chemical substances
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Photic/electromagnetic
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which respond to light within the visible spectrum
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Free nerve endings
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they r found throughout the body. their stimulation results in perception of pain,temperature,touch,pressure,tickle,and itch sensations.
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Hair follicle endings
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they are sensitive to mechanical movement and touch.
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Merkel's discs
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they r located below the epidermis in hairy and glabrous skin.they are sensitive to low-intensity touch, as well as velocity of touch.they r important in both two-point discrimination and localization of touch.
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Ruffini endings
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located in the deeper layers of the dermis.involved with perception of touch and pressure.
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Krause's end-bulb
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located in the dermis. perceive touch and pressure.
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Meissner's corpuscles
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located in the dermis. perceive discriminative touch and the recognition of texture.
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Pacinian corpuscles
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located in subcutaneous tissue layer of skin. perceive deep touch and vibration.
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Muscle spindles
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they lie in a parallel arrangement to the muscle fibers. help in position and movement sense and in motor learning.
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Golgi tendon organs
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located in series at both the proximal and distal tendinous insertions of the muscle. function: 1) monitor tension with the muscle 2) provide protective mechanism
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Free nerve endings in muscle
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located in fascia of muscle. respond to pain and pressure
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Pacinian corpuscles in muscle
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respond to vibratory stimuli and deep pressure
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Free nerve endings in joints
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found in joint capsule and ligaments. respond to pain and crude awareness of joint motion
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Ruffini endings in joints
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located in joint capsule and ligaments. responsible for the direction and velocity of joint movement.
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Paciniform endings in joints
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they are found in joint capsule. monitors rapid joint movements.
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how to test pain
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instrument - safety pin or reshaped paperclip. test - sharp point applied on pt's skin. response - pt asked to verbally indicate site of pain
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how to test temperature
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instrument - 2 test tubes with stoppers - one filled with warm water (104-113 deg F) and one filled with crushed ice (41 - 50 deg F test - test tubes are randomly placed in contact with the skin area to be tested. response - pt is asked to indicate if stimulus is felt and if warm/cold
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how to test light touch
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instrument - camel hair brush, piece of cotton test - area to be tested is lightly touched or stroked. response - pt asked to indicate if stimulus is felt.
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how to test pressure
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instrument - therapist's thumb test - apply firm pressure on skin response - indicate if stimulus is felt
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how to test kinesthesia
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TEST - joint to be assessed is moved passively through small ROM ; RESPONSE - pt asked to indicate direction of movement verbally, describe direction and ROM
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how to test proprioception
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TEST - jt to be assessed is moved through small ROM and held static ; RESPONSE - pt asked to describe motion verbally
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how to test vibration
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INSTRUMENT - tuning fork which vibrates at 128 Hz ; TEST - place base of vibrating fork on bony prominence ; RESPONSE - if intact , pt perceives vibration. pt is also asked if fork is vibrating/nonvibrating
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how to test tactile object recognition/stereognosis
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INSTRUMENT - items differing in shape and size ; TEST - pt is given an object ; RESPONSE - pt is asked to name the object verbally
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how to test tactile localization
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TEST - using fingertip therapist touches different skin surfaces ; RESPONSE - pt asked to identify area of stimulation
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how to test two-point discrimination
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this test is a measure of the smallest distance between two stimuli that can still be perceived as 2 distinct stimuli.TEST - 2 tips of instrument are applied to the skin simultaneously. the 2 tips are gradually brought closer until the stimuli are perceived as one. the smallest distance is measured with ruler. RESPONSE - pt asked to identify the perception of one or 2 stimuli
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how to test double simultaneous stimulation (DSS)
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TEST - therapist touches 1)identical location on opposite sides of the body, 2) proximally and distaly on opp sides of body 3) proximal and distal location on same side of body RESPONSE - pt states verbally when he perceives a touch stimulus and the number of stimuli felt.
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how to test recognition of weight (barognosis)
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TEST - place series of different wts of same size on the pt's hand. RESPONSE - pt asked to identify wt of object
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how to test traced figure identification/graphesthesia
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TEST - a series of letters, numbers or design is traced on the palm of pt's hand. RESPONSE - pt asked to identify the figures verbally
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how to test recognition of texture
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TEST - items of different textures are palced in pt's hand RESPONSE - pt asked to identify textures
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Hypotonia
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decrease in muscle tone
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Abarognosis
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inability to recognize weight
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Allesthesia
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sensation experienced at a site remote from point of stimulation
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Allodynia
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pain produced by non-noxious stimulus
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Analgesia
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complete loss of pain sensibility
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Anesthesia
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loss of sensation
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Astereognosis
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inability to recognize the form and shape of objects by touch
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Atopognosia
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inability to localize a sensation
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Causalgia
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painful, burning sensations, usually along the distribution of a nerve.
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Dysesthesia
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touch sensation experienced as pain
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Hypalgesia
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decreased sensitivity to pain
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Hyperalgesia
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increased sensitivity to pain
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Hyperesthesia
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increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli
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Hypesthesia
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decreased sensitivity to sensory stimuli
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Pallesthesia
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ability to perceive or to recognize vibratory stimuli
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Paresthesia
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abnormal sensation such as numbness, prickling or tingling, without apparent cause.
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Thermanalgesia
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inability to perceive heat
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Thermanesthesia
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inability to perceive sensations of heat or cold
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Thermesthesia
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ability to perceive heat and cold sensations, temperature sensibility
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Thermhyperesthenia
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increased sensitivity to temperature
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Thermhypesthesia
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decreased temperature sensibility
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Thigmanesthesia
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loss of light touch sensibility
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Barognosis
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ability to recognize weight
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Graphesthesia
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recognition of numbers, letters,or symbols traced on the skin
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Stereognosis
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the ability to recognize the shape of objects by touch
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Hypotonia
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is a decrease in muscle tone
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Dysmetria
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impaired ability to judge the distance or range of a movement
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Hypermetria
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excessive distance or range of a movement;an overestimation of the required motion needed to reach a target object
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Hypometria
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shortened distance or ROM; an underestimation of the required motion needed to reach a target object
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Dysdiadochokinesia
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impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements
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Tremor
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an involuntary oscillatory movement resulting from alternate contractions of opposing muscle groups
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Intention tremor
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occurs during voluntary motion of a limb and tends to increase as the limb nears its intended goal or speed is increased.
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Postural (static) tremor
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back-and-forth oscillatory movements of the body while pt maintains a standing posture
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dyssynergia
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impaired ability to associate muscles together for complex movement;decomposition of movement
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movement decomposition
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performance of a movement in a sequence of component parts rather than as a single smooth activity
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Asynergia
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loss of ability to associate muscles together for complex movements
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Dysarthria
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disorder of the motor component of speech disarticulation
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Scanning speech
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a speech pattern that is slow,and may be slurred,hesitant,with prolonged syllables and inappropriate pauses; the melodic quality of speech is altered
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Nystagmus
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rhythmic,oscillatory movement of the eyes
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Check reflex
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when application of resistance to an isometric contraction is suddenly removed,the limb will remain in approximately the same position by action of the opposing muscle. with cerebellar involvement the pt is unable to check the motion
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Rebound phenomenon
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absence of check reflex
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Asthenia
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generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions
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Bradykinesia
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abnormally slow movements
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Rigidity
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increase in muscle tone;results in greater resistance to passive movement
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Leadpipe rigidity
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is a uniform,constant resistance felt by the examiner as the extremity is moved through a ROM
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Cogwheel rigidity
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is characterized by a series of brief relaxations or catches as the extremity is passively moved.
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Ataxia
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is a general term used to describe uncoordinated movement;may influence gait,posture and patterns of movements
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Resting tremor
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present when involved body segment is at rest;typically dissapears of decreases with purposeful movement
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Akinesia
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inability to initiate movement;seen in parkinson's disease
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Chorea
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involuntary,rapid,irregular,jerky movements;clinical feature of huntington's disease
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Athetosis
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slow,involuntary,writhing,twisting,wormlike movements;clinical feature of some forms of CP
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Choreoathetosis
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movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis;seen in some forms of CP
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Hemiballismus
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sudden,jerky,forceful,wild,flailing motions of one side of the body
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Hyperkinesis
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abnormally increased muscle activity or movement;restlessness
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Hypokinesis
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decreased motor responses ;sluggishness,listlessness
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Dystonia
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impaired or disordered tonicity;tone fluctuates in an unpredictable manner from low to high
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Rhomberg's sign
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inability to maintain standing balance when vision is occluded
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Motor program
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a set of commands that,when initiated,results in the productionof a coordinated movement sequence
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Motor plan
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an idea or plan for purposeful movement that is made up of several component motor programs
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Feedback
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response-produced information received during or after the movement used to monitor output for corrective actions
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Feedforward
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the sending of signals in advance of movement to ready the sensorimotor systems and allow for anticipatory adjustments in postural acticity
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Coordination
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the patterning of body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events
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Consciousness
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a state of awareness;implies orientation to person,place and time
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vegetative state
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a continuing and unremitting condition of complete awareness of self and the environment,accompanied by sleep-wake cycles with preservation of hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic functions
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Persistane vegetative state
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a vegetative state with a duration of one yr or more, the result of severe brain injury or diffuse cerebral hypoxia
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Wernicke's aphasia/fluent aphasia
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speech that flows smoothly but contains errors,neologisms (nonsense words),paraphasias(misuse of words),and circumlocutions(word substitution)
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Broca's aphasia/nonfluent aphasia
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speech that is slow and hesitant with limited vocablury and impaired syntax
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Declarative memory/explicit memory
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the conscious recollection of facts and events
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Nondeclarative memory/motor memory
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the recall of skills and procedures (nonconscious or implicit memory)
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Amnesia
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loss of memory
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Retrograde amnesia
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Amnesia for events that occured before the precipitating trauma
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Anterograde amnesia
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Amnesia for events that occured after a precipitating trauma
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End feel
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refers to the characteristic feel each specific joint has at the end ROM
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Tone
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the resistance of muscles to passive elongation or stretch
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Hypertonia
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state of increased tone above normal resting levels
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Dystonia
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a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by impaired or disordered tone, accompanied by repetitive involuntary movements;typically twisting or writhing motions
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Spasticity
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increased tone or resistance of muscle causing stiff awkward movements; the result of an UMN
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Clonus
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cyclical,spasmodic alteration of muscular contraction and relaxation in response to a sustained stretch of a spastic muscle
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Clasp-knife response
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a sudden relaxation or letting go of a spastic muscle in response to a stretch stimulus
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Babinski sign
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dorsiflexion of the great toe with fanning of the other toes on stimulation of the lateral sole of the foot
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Decorticate rigidity
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sustained contraction and posturing of the trunk and LL in extension,and the UL in flexion;results from a lesion at the level of the diencephalon (above the superior colliculus)
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Decerebrate rigidity
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sustained contraction and posturing of the trunk and limbs in a position of full extension;results from a lesion in the brainstem between the superior colliculi and vestibular nucleus
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Opisthotonus
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strong and sustained contraction of the extensor muscles of the neck and trunk
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Flaccidity
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absence of muscle tone
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Jaw reflex (trigeminal nerve)
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STIMULUS - pt is sitting,with jaw relaxed and slightly open.place finger on top of chin;tap downward on top of finger in a direction which causes the jaw to open RESPONSE - jaw rebounds
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Biceps reflex (C5,C6)
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STIMULUS - pt is sitting with arm flexed and supported.place thimb over the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa,stretching it slightly.tap thumb or directly on the tendon RESPONSE - slight contraction of muscle normally occurs (elbow flexes)
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Triceps reflex (C7,C8)
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RESPONSE - pt is sitting with arm supported in abduction,elbow flexed.palpate triceps tendon just above olecranon.tap directly on tendon. RESPONSE - slight contraction of muscle normally occurs(elbow extends)
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Hamstring reflex (L5,S1,S2)
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STIMULUS - pt is prone with knee semiflexed and supported.palpate tendon at the knee.tap on finger or directly on tendon. RESPONSE - slight contraction of muscle normally occurs(knee flexes)
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Patellar reflex(L2,L3,L4)
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STIMULUS - pt is sitting with knee flexed,foot unsupported.tap tendon of quadriceps muscle between the patella and tibial tuberosity RESPONSE - contraction of muscle normally occurs (knee extends)
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Ankle reflex (S1,S2)
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STIMULUS - pt is prone with foot over the end of the plinth or sitting with knee flexed and foot held in slight dorsiflexion.tap tendon just above its insertion on the calcaneus.maintaining slight tension on the gastrocnemius-soleus group improves the response. RESPONSE - slight contraction of muscle normally occurs (foot plantarflexes)
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Plantar reflex (S1,S2)
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STIMULUS - with a large pin or fingertip,stroke up the lateral side of the foot,moving from the heel to the base of the little toe and then across the ball of the foot NORMAL RESPONSE - slow flexion(plantarflexion) of the great toe,and sometimes the other toes. ABNORMAL RESPONSE - termed a positive Babinski,is a extension (dorsiflexion) of the great toe with fanning of the 4 other toes(typically seen in UMN (corticospinal) lesions)
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Chaddock reflex
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STIMULUS - stroke around lateral ankle and up lateral aspect of foot to the base of the little toe. NORMAL RESPONSE - slow flexion (plantar flexion) of the gr8 toe,and sometimes the other toes. ABNORMAL RESPONSE - termed a positive Babinski,is a extension (dorsiflexion) of the great toe with fanning of the 4 other toes(typically seen in UMN (corticospinal) lesions)
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Abdominal (T7-12)
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STIMULUS - position pt in supine position,relaxed.make quick,light stroke with a large pin or fingertip over the skin of the abdominals from the periphery to the unbilicus(test each abdominal quadrant separately) RESPONSE - localized contraction under the stimulus,causing the unbilicus to move toward the quadrant stimulated.
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Flexor withdrawl reflex - primitive/spinal reflexes
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STIMULUS - noxious stimuli(pinprick)to sole fo foot.tested in supine or sitting position. RESPONSE - toes extend,foot dorsiflexes,entire leg flexes uncontrollably. ONSET - 28 weeks gestation INTEGRATED - 1-2 months
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Micrographia
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an abnormally small handwriting that is difficult to read.
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Festinating gait
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abnormal gait characterized by an involuntary progressive increase in the speed with a shortening of stride
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Propulsive gait
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a festinating gait that has a forward accelerating quality
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Retropulsive gait
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a festinating gait that has a backward accelerating quality
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Sialohrrea
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excessive drooling. seen in parkinsonism
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Hypokinetic dysarthria
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difficult and defective speech characterized by decreased voice volume,monotone/monopitch speech,imprecise or distorted articulation,and uncontrolled speech rate.seen in PD
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Mutism
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condition of being unable to speak or speaking only in whispers
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Postural stress syndrome
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fluctuations in motor performance and response;seen with long-term use of L-dopa therapy
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Akathisia/acathisia
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extreme motor restlessness
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Bradyphrenia
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a disorder of intellectual function characterized by a slowing of thought processes with lack of concentration and attention.
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Stereotaxic surgery
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surgical lesioning of brain
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Pallidotomy
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a destructive lesion is produced in the BG,the globus pallidus internus
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Thalamotomy
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a destructive lesion is produced within the thalamus,the ventral intermediate nucleus
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Bradykinesia
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extreme slowness and difficulty maintaining movement
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Dysphagia
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inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing
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Dyskinesia
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involuntary movements;often associated with long-term use of L-dopa therapy
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Charcot's triad
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cardinal symptoms of MS include intention tremor,scanning speech,nystagmus
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Crossed extension - primitive/spinal reflexes
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STIMULUS - noxious stimulus to ball of foot of extremity fixed in extension;tested in supine position RESPONSE - opposite LL flexes,then adducts and extends. ONSET - 28 weeks gestation INTEGRATED: 1-2 months
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Traction - primitive/spinal reflexes
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STIMULUS - grasp forearm and pull up from supine into sitting position RESPONSE - grasp and total flexion of the UL. ONSET - 28 weeks gestation INTEGRATED: 2-5 months
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Moro - primitive/spinal reflexes
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STIMULUS - sudden change in posiiton of head in relation to trunk;drop pt backward from sitting position RESPONSE - extension,abduction of UL,hand opening,and crying followed by flexion,adduction of arms,crying ONSET - birth INTEGRATED : 5-6 months
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Startle - primitive/spinal reflexes
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STIMULUS - sudden loud or harsh noise RESPONSE - sudden extension or abduction of arms,crying ONSET - birth INTEGRATED: persists
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primitive / spinal reflexes
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flexor withdrawl, crossed extension, traction, moro, stratle, grasp
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Grasp - primitive/spinal reflexes
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STIMULUS - maintained pressure to palm of hand (palmar grasp) or to ball of foot under toes (plantar grasp) RESPONSE - maintained flexion of fingers or toes. ONSET - palmar - birth; plantar - 28 weeks gestation INTEGRATED : palmar - 4-6 months; plantar - 9 months
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Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) - tonic/brainstem reflexes
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STIMULUS - rotation of the head to one side RESPONSE - flexion of skull limbs and extension of jaw limbs "bow and arrow" or "fencing " posture ONSET- birth INTEGRATED : 4-6 months
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Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) -tonic/brainstem reflexes
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STIMULUS - flexion or extension of the head RESPONSE - with head flexion : flexion of arms,extension of legs , with head extension : extension of arms,flexion of legs ONSET - 4-6 months INTEGRATED : 8-12 months
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Symmetrical tonic labyrinthine (TLR) - tonic/brainstem reflexes
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STIMULUS - prone or supine position RESPONSE - with prone posiiton:increased flexor tone/flexion of all limbs ; with supine: increased tone/extension of all limbs ONSET - birth INTEGRATED : 6 months
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Positive supporting - tonic/brainstem reflexes
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STIMULUS - contact to the ball of the foot in upright standing position RESPONSE - rigid extension (co-contraction) of the LL ONSET - birth INTEGRATED : 6 months
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Associated reactions - tonic/brainstem reflexes
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STIMULUS - resisted voluntary movement in any part of the body RESPONSE - involuntary movement in a resting extremity ONSET - birth - 3 months INTEGRATED - 8-9 yrs
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tonic/brainstem reflexes
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ATNR,STNR,TLR,associated reaction, postive supporting
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midbrain/cortical reflexes
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NOB,BOB,labyrinthine head righting,optical righting,BOH, protective extension,equilibrium reactions - tilting, equilibirum reactions - postural fixation
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neck righting action on the body (NOB) - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - passively turn head to one side;tested in supine RESPONSE - body rotates as a whole(log rolls) to align the body with the head ONSET - 4-6 months INTEGRATED: 5 yrs
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body righting acting on the body (BOB) - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - passively rotate upper or lower trunk segment;tested in supine RESPONSE - body segment not rotated follows to align the body segments. ONSET - 4-6 months INTEGRATED: persists
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Labyinthine head righting (LR) - midbrain/cortical reflex
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STIMULUS - occlude vision; alter body position by tipping body in all directions RESPONSE - head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal ONSET - birth-2 months INTEGRATED : persists
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optical righting (OR) - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - alter body position by tipping body in all directions RESPONSE - head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal ONSET - birth - 2 months
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Body righting acting on head (BOH) - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - place in prone or supine position RESPONSE - head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal ONSET - birth-2 months INTEGRATED : 5 yrs
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Protective extension - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - displace COG outside the base of support RESPONSE - arms or legs extend and abduct to support and to protect the body against falling. ONSET - arms: 4-6 months; legs : 6-9 months INTEGRATED : persists
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Equilibrium reaction - tilting - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - displace the COG by tilting or moving the support surface (eg. with a movable object such as an equilibrium board or ball) RESPONSE - curvature of trunk toward the upward side along with extension and abduction of the extremities on that side; protective extension on the opposite (downward)side ONSET - prone 6 months; supine 7-8 months; sitting 7-8 months; quadruped 9-12 months; standing 12-21 months INTEGRATED : persists
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Equilibrium reacions - postural fixation - midbrain/cortical reflexes
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STIMULUS - apply a displacing force to the body,altering the COG in its relation to the base of support; can also be observed during voluntary activity RESPONSE - curvature of the trunk toward the external force with extension and abduction of the extremities on the side to which the force was applied. ONSET - prone 6 months; supine 7-8 months; sitting 7-8 months; quadruped 9-12 months; standing 12-21 months INTEGRATED : persists
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Muscle endurance
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the ability to contract the muscle repeatedly over a period of time
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Fatigue
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the failure to generate the required or expected force during sustained or repeated contractions
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Exhaustion
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the limit of endurance beyond which no further performance is possible
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Abnormal synergy
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an obligatory high stereotyped mass pattern of movement
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Postural orientation
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the control of relative positions of body parts by skeletal muscles with respect to gravity and to each other
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Reactive control
|
control that occurs in response to external forces displacing the Center Of Mass or movement of the BOS.
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Proactive (anticipatory) control
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control that occurs in anticipation of internallt generated destabilizing forces imposed on the body's own movements
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Adaptive control
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control that allows the individual to appropriately modify the sensorimotor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands
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Limits of stability
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the maximum angle from vertical that can be tolerated without a loss of balance
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Mobility
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initial movement in a functional patttern;ROM is available for movement to occur and there is sufficient motor unit activity to initiate muscle contraction
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Stability (static postural control)
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the ability to maintain a steady position in a wt bearing,antigravity posture
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Controlled mobility (dynamic postural control)
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the ability to maintain postural control during wt shifting and movement
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Static-dynamic control
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the ability to shift wt onto support segments, freeing up a limb for dynamic activities
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Skill
|
highly coordinated mobvement that allows for investigation and interaction with the physical and social environment
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Closed skill
|
motor skill performed in a stable, nonchanging environment
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Open skill
|
motor skill performed in a variable,changing environment
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Motor learning
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a set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
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Retention test
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a performance test administered after a period of no practice (retention interval) for the purposes fo assessing learning
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Generalizability
|
the extent to which practice on one task contributes to the performance of other related skills
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Artifact
|
voltage signals generated by a source other than the one of interest
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Movement artifact
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an electrical signal resulting from the movement of the recording electrodes or their cables
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Stimulus artifact
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a potential recorded at the time the stimulus is applied
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Electromyography
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the recording and study of the electrical activity of muscle.
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Nerve conduction velocity
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the speed with which a peripheral motor or sensory nerve conducts an impulse
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Motor unit action potential
|
action potential reflecting the electrical activity of a single motor unit capable of being recorded by an electrode. characterized by its amplitude,configuration,duration,frequency,sound
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Motor unit
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the anatomical of an anterior horn cell,its axon,the neuromuscular junctions and all the muscle fibers innervated by that axon
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Electrode
|
a device capable of recording electrical potentials or conducting electricity to provide a stimulus
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Active electrode
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a bipolar electrode configuration with fixed interelectrode geometry and preamplifiers at the detection site
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Ground electrode
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an electrode connected to a common source,used to reduce the effect of electrical noise in a recording system;an arbitrary zero potential reference point
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Recording electrode
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needle or surface electrode used to record electrical activity from nerve and muscle
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Reference electrode
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in motor nerve conduction velocity test, the electrode placed over the tendon of the test muscle. in monopolar recording of EMG, the inactive electrode is placed over a neutral area
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Stimulating electrode
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device used to apply electrical current to stimulate propagation of a nerve impulse or muscle contraction;requires positive (anode) and negative (cathode) terminals
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Surface electrodes
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small metal disks applied to the skin overlying the appropriate musle and used to monitor EMG signals from large,superficial muscles
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Conduction velocity
|
speed of propagation of an action potential along a nerve or muscle fiber. calculated in meters/sec
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Crosstalk
|
activity seen at one electrode site there is generated by a muscle other than the one being monitored
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Electrical silence
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the absence of measurable EMG activity,typically recorded at rest in normal muscles
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Evoked potential
|
waveform elicited by a stimulus.
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Fasciculation potentials
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electrical activity characterized by random,spontaneous twitching of a group of muscle fibers which may be visible through the skin.the amplitude,configuration,duration,and frequency are variable
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Fibrillation potential
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electrical activity associated with fibrillating muscle and reflecting the activity of a single muscle fiber;associated with denervation and myopathy.these potentials are biphasic spikes of short duration,with a peak-to-peak amplitude less than 1 millivolt,a firing rate ranging from 1-50 hertz,and a high pitched regular sound likened to "rain on the roof"
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Giant motor units
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motor unit potentials with a peak to peak amplitude and duration much greater than normal ranges.often seen after collateral sprouting with regenartion of peripheral nerves
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Insertion activity
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electrical activity caused by insertion or movementof a needle electrode in a muscle.can be described as normal,reduced,increased,or prolonged
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Interference pattern
|
electrical activity,recorded from a muscle during maximal voluntary effort,in which identification of each of the contributing motor unit potentials is not possible
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Latency
|
in nerve conduction velocity tests,the interval between onset of a stimulus and the onset of a response,measured from the stimulus artifact to the onset of the M wave
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polyphasic potentials
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action potentials having five or more phases
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Positive sharp waves
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electrical potentials associated with fibrillating muscle fibers,recorded as a biphasic,positive-negative action potential initiated by needle movement and recurring in uniform patterns. the initial positive phase is of short duration and large amplitude and the second negative phase is of long duration and low amplitude
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Repetitive discharges
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in extended train of potentials,generally 5 to 100 impulses per second,commonly seen in lesions of the anterior horn cell and peripheral nerves,and with some myopathies
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Spontaneous potentials
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action potentials recorded from muscle or nerve at rest after insertional activity has subsided and when there is no voluntary contraction or external stimulus
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Volume conduction
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spread of current from a potential source through a conducting medium,such as body tissues.
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Stance phase
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the portion of gait in ehich one extremity is in contact with the ground.
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Swing phase
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the phase of gait during which the reference limb is not in contact with the supporting surface
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Double support time
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the priod of the gait cycle when both LL are in contact with the supporting surface (double support);measured in seconds
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Step
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consists of 2 dimensions;a distance and time;two steps comprise a stride
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Stride
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consists of 2 dimensions; a distance and time
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Swing time
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the number of seconds during the gait cycle that one foot is off the ground.swing time shd be measured seperately for right and left extremities
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Step length
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the linear distanc between 2 successive points of contact of the right and left LL. measurement taken from the point of heel contact at heel strike on one extremity to the point of heel contact of the opposite extremity
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Step time
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the number of seconds between consecutive right and left foot contacts;both right and left step times shd be measured
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Stride length
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the linear distance between 2 consecutive foot contacts of the same LL. measurement is taken from the point of one heel contact at heel strike and the next heel contact of the same extremity
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Sride time
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the number of seconds that elapses during one stride (from one foot contact until the next contact of the same foot)
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Kinematics
|
a description of the type,amount,and direction of motion;does not include the forces producing the motion
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Kinetics
|
the study of forces that cause motion
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Motor control
|
an area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural,physical,and behavioral aspects of movement
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Associative stage of learning
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the second or middle stage of learning in which hte skill strategy has been selected;refinement of the skill is achieved through continued practice
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Autonomous stage of motor learning
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the third stage of learning in which the spatial and temporal aspects of movement become highly organized through practice;there is automacity of the skill with a low degree of attention required for performance
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Cognitive stage of motor learning
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the initial stage of learning in which the cognitive plan for the skill is developed;the learner develops an understanding of the task,develops strategies,and determines how the task should be evaluated
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Recovery of function
|
the re-acquisition of movement skills lost through injury
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Knowledge of performance
|
Augmented feedback related to the nature of the movement pattern produced
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Knowledge of results
|
augmented feedback related to the nature of the result produced in terms of the environmental goal
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Neural plasticity
|
the ability of the brain to change and repair itself
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Vicariance
|
the recovery of function through the utilization of different and underutilized areas of the brain
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Redundancy
|
the recovery of function through use of available back-up or fail-safe systems within the CNS
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Functional substitution
|
recovery of function through reprogramming of brain areas.
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Diaschisis
|
the recovery of brain activity after the resolution of temporary blocking factors
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Attention
|
the capacity of the brain to process information from the environment or from long term memory
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Divided attention
|
the ability to do several tasks at one time
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Focused attention
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the ability to respond to different kinds of stimulation
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Selective attention
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the ability to screen and process relevant sensory information about both the task and the environment while screening out irrelevant information
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Sustained attention (vigilance)
|
the ability to maintain prolonged attention
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Mental practice
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a practice method in which performance on the task is imajined or visualized without overt physical practice
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Constant practice
|
practice organized around one task performed repeatedly
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Variable practice
|
practice of several variations of the same task or within the same category or class of movements
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Massed practice
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a prolonged period of practice sequence of practice and rest periods in which the rest time is much less than the practice time
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Distributed practice
|
an alternating sequence of practice and rest periods in which practice time is less than rest time
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Transfer of training
|
the gain or loss of task performance as a result of practice or experience on some other task
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Parts-to-whole transfer
|
practice of separate component parts before practice of the integrated whole
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Bilateral transfer
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the ability to learn a skill after the skill has been practiced with the opposite hand or foot.
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Cerebrovascular accident/stroke
|
acute onset of neurological dysfunction due to an abnormalityin cerebral circulation with signs and symptoms that correspond to involvement of focal areas of the brain
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Hemiplegia
|
motor paralysis of one half of the body
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Hemiparesis
|
motor weakness (partial paralysis) affecting one half of the body
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Reversible ischemic neurological deficit
|
impairments resolve spontaneously with neurological recovery,generally within 3 weeks
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Aneurysm
|
localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel,usually an artery. due to congenital defect or weakness of the wall of the vessel
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Berry aneurysm
|
a small saccular congenital aneurysm of a cerebral vessel
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Arteriovenous malformation
|
an abnormality in embryonic development leading to a skein of tangled arteries and veins,usually without an intervening capillary bed.it commonly occurs along the distribution of the middle cerebralartery and its rupture produces cerebral hemorrhage
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Atherosclerosis
|
thickening of the walls of the arteries due to plaque formation with loss of elasticity and contractility
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Atherothrombotic brain infarction
|
infarction or death of brain tissue resulting from a thrombus
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Cerebral hemorrhage
|
abnormal bleeding into the extravascular areas of the brain secondary to aneurysm or trauma
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Intercerebral hemorrhage
|
rupture of a cerebral vessel with subsequent bleeding into the cerebral hemispheres
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
rupture and bleeding into the subarachnoid space typically from a berry or saccular aneurysm
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Cerebral embolus
|
traveling bits of matter formed elsewhere and released into the bloodstream;emboli travel to cerebral vessels where they lodge,producing occlusion and infarction;emboli may be dislodged plaque,or less commonly septic,fat or air molecules
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Cerebral thrombosis
|
formation of a blood clot or thrombus within the cerebral arteries or their branches
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Brain herniation
|
secondary brain damage and neurological deterioration resulting from significant edema,elevated intracranial pressures,with resulting contralateral and caudal shifts of brain structures
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Transient ischemic attack
|
temperory interruption of blood supply to the brain. symptoms of neurological deficit may last for only a few minutes or hours but do not last over 24 hr. after the attack no evidence of residual brain damage or neurological damage remains
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Major stroke
|
stable,usually severe neurological deficit
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Deteriorating stroke
|
neurological status deteriorates after admission to the admission to the hospital
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Young stroke
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affecting persons below the age of 45
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Locked -in syndrome
|
quadriplegia and anarthria with preserved consciousness;secondary to a ventral pontine lesion
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Souques' phenomenon
|
an associated reaction in which elevation of the hemiplegic arm above the horizontal may elicit an extension and abduction response of the fingers
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RAimiste's phenomenon
|
an associated reaction in which abduction or adduction of the normal limb produces a similar response in the affectced limb
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Homolateral limb synkinesis
|
an associated reaction between the hemiplegic limbs;flexion of the arm elicits flexion of the leg on the hemiplegic side, or vice versa
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Ipsilateral pushing (pusher syndrome)
|
an unusual motor behavior characterized by the pt's strong lateral lean toward the hemiplegic side in all positions
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Exacerbation
|
acute worsening or flare-up of neurological signs and symptoms,usually associated with inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord
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Remission
|
a period free of evolving symptoms
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Autoimmune disease
|
a disease produced when the body's normal tolerance of its own antigenic markers on cells dissapears. autoantibodies are produced by Blymphocytes and attack normal cells
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Demyelination
|
destruction or removal of the myelin sheath of nerve tissue by a disease process
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Gliosis
|
proliferation of neurological tissue within the CNS that results in glial scars (plaques)
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Plaques
|
sclerosed (hardened) and scarred myelin in areas of the brain and spinal cord,causing a short0circuiting of electrical transmission
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Dyesthesias
|
abnormal burning or aching sensations
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Hyperpathia
|
a hypersensitivity to minor sensory stimuli
|
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Lhermitte's sign
|
a sensation like an electric shock running down the spine and into the LL and produced by flexing the neck
|
|
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Optic neuritis
|
inflammation of the optic nerve that may produce blurring or graying of vision, or blindness in one eye;often associated with pain in the eye
|
|
|
Trigeminal neuralgia
|
degeneration (demyelination) of the sensory division of trigeminal nerve (CN V), resulting in severe,paroxymal pain in the face
|
|
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Scotoma
|
island like blind gap in the visual field
|
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Nystagmus
|
involuntary,cyclical movement of the eyeball;movement may be in any direction.develops in response to lesions affecting the cerebellum or vestibular system
|
|
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Internuclear opthalmoplegia
|
incomplete eye adduction (lateral gaze palsy) on the affected side and a nystagmus of the opposite abducting eye with gaze to one side
|
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Diplopia
|
double vision that occurs when the muscles that control the eyes are not well coordinated
|
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Uthoff's symptom
|
individuals with MS exhibit an adverse reaction to heat;the effect is usually immidiate and dramatic in terms of reduced function and increased fatigue
|
|
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Frenkel's exercises
|
exercises designed to improve incoordination and ataxia resulting from a loss of proprioception
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Frenkel's exercises
|
given in MS
|
|
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Local brain damage
|
injury localized to the area of the brain un derlying the site of impact.produces predictable neurological signs according to the specific location
|
|
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Coup-countercoup injury
|
coup contusions occur at the site of contact while countercoup contusions occur in brain tissue opposite the point of contact
|
|
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Polar brain damage
|
injury that results from contact between the surfaces of the brain and the cranium.most commonly affects the frontal and temporal lobes
|
|
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Diffuse axonal injury
|
widely scattered shearing of axons which,although not intense in any one location,causes dramatic disability as a result of its cumulative effect
|
|
|
Hypoxic-ischemic injury
|
brain damage that results from arterial hypotension and hypoxemia and is complicated by raised intracranial pressure,cerebral vasospasm,brain edema,and combinations of these,as well as an impaired ability of the vessels of the brain to autoregulate
|
|
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Intracranial hematoma
|
a collection of blood within the cranium that results from leakage from a blood vessel.
|
|
|
Epidural hematoma
|
extravascular blood mass located between the dura and skull
|
|
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Intracerebral hematoma
|
extravascular blood mass located within the brain tissue
|
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Subdural hematoma
|
extravascular blood mass located beneath the dura
|
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|
Intracranial pressure
|
measure of pressure inside the cranium. normal ICP is 5 to 10 mm Hg
|
|
|
Herniation
|
protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through a surrounding wall or cavity.
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Central herniation
|
protrusion of the midbrain and pons through the tentorial notch
|
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Tonsillar herniation
|
protrusion of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum
|
|
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Uncal herniation
|
protrusion of the uncus and hippocampal gyrus of the brain through the tentorial notch
|
|
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Obstructive hydrocephalus
|
enlargement of the ventricles of the brain caused by an impairment of flow and absorption of CSF
|
|
|
Post traumatic epilepsy
|
seizure disorder that develops following head trauma
|
|
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Autodestructive cellular phenomena
|
a series of events that occur in the brain due to trauma-induced changes in cellular membranes
|
|
|
Tetraplegia
|
partial or complete paralysis of all four extremities and trunk,including the respiratory muscles from lesions of the cervical cord
|
|
|
Paraplegia
|
partial or complete paralysis of all or part of the trunk and both LL feom lesions of the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or sacral roots
|
|
|
Complete lesion (SCI)
|
no sensory or motor ffunction below the level of lesion
|
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Incomplete lesion (SCI)
|
some preservation of sensory or motor function below the level of the lesion
|
|
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Contusion (SCI)
|
damage to the spinal cord produced by pressure from displaced bone and/or soft tissues or swelling
|
|
|
Brown sequrd syndrome
|
incomplete spinal cord lesion caused by hemisection of the cord;loss of motor function,proprioception,and kinesthesia on the side of the lesion;loss of sense of pain and temperature on the opposite side
|
|
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Anterior cord syndrome
|
incomplete spinal cord lesion with primary damage in the anterior cord;loss of motor function,and sense of pain and temperature;preservation of proprioception, kinesthesia,and vibration below the level of the lesion
|
|
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Posterior cord syndrome
|
a rare incomplete lesion with primary damage to the posterior cord;preservation of motor function,sense of pain,and light touch,with loss of proprioception and epicritic sensations below the level of the lesion
|
|
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Central cord syndrome
|
incomplete spinal cord lesion producing greater neurological involvement in UL (cervical tracts more centrally located) than in the LL (lumbar and sacral tracts more peripheral)
|
|
|
Sacral sparing
|
an incomplete lesion in which some sacral innervation remains intact;complete loss of motor function and sensation in other areas below the level of the lesion
|
|
|
Cauda equina lesions
|
damage to peripheral nerve roots below the first lumbar vertebra;some regeneration is possible
|
|
|
LMN lesion
|
motor dysfunction,associated with lesions of the anterior horn cell or peripheral nerve
|
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Root escape
|
preservation of peripheral nerve roots at the level of a spinal cord injury
|
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Shearing
|
application of a horizontal or parallel force relative to adjacent structures;opposite to the force that is normally present;associated with fracture dislocations of the thoracolumbar region
|
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Distraction
|
a traction force;seperation of joint surfaces
|
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|
Bulbocavernous reflex (positive)
|
pressure on the glans penis or glans clitoris that elicits a contraction of the external anal spincter
|
|
|
Spinal shock
|
period immidiately following injury to the spinal cord,characterized by absence of all reflex activity, flaccidity,and a loss of sensation below the level of the lesion;generally subsides within 24 hrs
|
|
|
Diaphoresis
|
profuse sweating
|
|
|
Peripheral nerve blocks
|
a local chemical injection used to block transmission of a motor nerve selectively;used to decrease spasticity
|
|
|
Intrathecal injections
|
a central (within the spinal cord) chemical injection that interrupts the reflex arc;used to decrease severe spasticity
|
|
|
Myotomy
|
surgical sectioning or release of a muscle;used to reduce spasticity
|
|
|
Neurectomy
|
partial or total excision or resection of a nerve;used to reduce severe spasticity
|
|
|
Tenotomy
|
surgical section of a nerve;used to reduce spasticity
|
|
|
Myelotomy
|
severance of nerve fibers of the spinal cord;used to reduce severe spasticity
|
|
|
Nocturia
|
excessive urination during the night
|
|
|
Upper motor neuron lesion
|
motor dysfunction associated with lesions of corticol,subcorticol or spinal cord structure
|
|
|
Maceration
|
softening of a solid by exposure to water or other fliud;usually pertains to the skin
|
|
|
Autonomic dysreflexia(hyperreflexia)
|
a pathological autonomic reflex seen in pts with high level spinal cord injuries.it is precipitated by a noxious stimulus below the level of the lesion and produces an acute onset of autonomic activity.it is considered an emergency situation;symptoms include hypertension,bradycardia,headache,and sweating
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|
|
Heterotrophic ossification
|
abnormal bone growth in soft tissues, a potential secondary complication following spinal cord injury;occurs below the level of lesion
|
|
|
Dysesthesias (SCI)
|
bizarre,painful sensations experienced below the level of a lesion following spinal cord injury;often described as burning,numbness,pins and needles,or tingling sensations
|
|
|
Cognitive processes
|
the abilities that enable us to think which includes the ability to concentrate or pay attention,remeber and learn
|
|
|
Homonymous hemianopsia
|
blindness in the outer half of the visual field of one eye and the inner half of the visual field of another eye,producing an inability to receive information from either the right or the left half of the visual environment
|
|
|
Visual fixation
|
the ability to maintain focus on an object as it is brought closer to and farther away from the eyes
|
|
|
Ocular persuit
|
the ability of the eyes to follow a moving object
|
|
|
Cortical blindness
|
a total failure to appreciate incoming visual sensory information owing to a lesion in the cortex,rather than injury to the eyes
|
|
|
Area of lesion for attention disorders
|
limbic and frontal regions
|
|
|
Immidiate recall
|
the ability to remember information that has been stored for a few seconds
|
|
|
Long-term memory
|
a compilation of early experiences and information acquired over a period of years
|
|
|
Memory
|
a mental process that allows the individual to store experiences and perceptions for recall at a later time
|
|
|
Short-term memory
|
the retention of events or learning that has taken place within a few hrs or days
|
|
|
Area of lesion for memory disorders
|
frontal,parietal,temporal and occipital lobes,limbic system
|
|
|
Volition
|
is the capacity to determine what one needs and wants to do
|
|
|
Planning
|
is the identification and organization of the steps and elements needed to carry out an intention or achieve a goal
|
|
|
Purposive action
|
includes productivity and self-regulation,which encompasses the ability to initiate,maintain,switch,and stop complex action sequences
|
|
|
Effective performance
|
is the capacity for quality control,including the ability to self-monitor and self-correct one's behavior
|
|
|
Body image
|
a visual and mental image of one's body that includes feelings about one's body,especially in relation to health and disease
|
|
|
Body scheme
|
a postural model of one's body,including the relationship of the body parts to each other and the relationship of the body to the environment
|
|
|
Unilateral neglect
|
the inability to register and to integrate visual stimuli and perceptions from one side of the environment (usually the left),not attributable to sensory-based problems.as a result,the pt ignores stimuli occuring in that side of personal space
|
|
|
Hemispace
|
one half of the spatial field around the body.for example,the space surrounding the left body side including the person's back,front and head.
|
|
|
area affected executive functions disorder
|
frontal and prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
area of lesion body scheme/body image disorders
|
inferior-posterior regions of the right parietal lobe
|
|
|
Anosognosia
|
a perceptual disability including denial,neglect,and lack of awareness of the presence or severity of one's paralysis
|
|
|
area of lesion anosognosia
|
nondominant parietal lobe
|
|
|
Somatoagnosia
|
impairment in body scheme;a lack of awareness of the body structure and the relationship of body parts of oneself or of others
|
|
|
area of lesion somatoagnosia
|
dominant parietal lobe
|
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|
Right/left discrimination
|
the inability to identify the right and left sides of one's own body or that of the examiner
|
|
|
area of lesion right/left discrimination disorder
|
parietal lobe of either hemisphere
|
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|
Finger agnosia
|
the inability to identify the fingers on one's own hands or on the hands of the examiner;including difficulty in naming the fingers on command,identifying which finger was touched,and mimicking finger movements
|
|
|
area of lesion finger agnosia
|
parietal lobe
|
|
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Agraphia
|
disorders of writing not due to motor difficulties in letter formation
|
|
|
spatial relations disorder
|
a constellation of deficits that have in common a difficulty in perceiving the relationship between objects in space,or the relationship between the self or two more objects
|
|
|
area of lesion figure-ground discrimination
|
parieto-occipital lesions of right hemisphere
|
|
|
figure-ground discrimination
|
the ability to distinguish a figure from the background in which it is embedded
|
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form discrimination
|
the ability to perceive or to attend to subtle differences in form and shape. the perceptually impaired pt is likely to confuse objects of similar shape or to fail to recognize an object placed in an unusual position
|
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|
area of lesion form discrimination
|
parieto-temporo-occipital region of the nondominant lobe
|
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|
spatial relations deficit
|
the inability to perceive the relationship of one object in space to another object ot to oneself
|
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|
area of lesion spatial relations deficit
|
inferior parietal lobe or parieto-occipital-temporal junction usually of the right side
|
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position in space disorder
|
the inability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts such as up,down,under,over,in,out,in front of,and behind
|
|
|
area of lesion position in space disorder
|
nondominent parietal lobe
|
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|
Topographic disorientation
|
difficulty in understanding and remembering the relationship of one plac eto another
|
|
|
area of lesion topographic disorientation
|
inferior parietal lobe or occipital association cortex and the occipitotemporal cortex on right side. bilateral parietal lesions as well as occasional leftsided parietal lobe can cause this problem
|
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Depth and distance perception
|
judgement of the distance between objects and self,and the depth between objects and self
|
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|
area of lesion Depth and distance perception
|
lesion in the posterior right hemisphere
|
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Vertical disorientation
|
A distorted perception of the upright (vertical) position
|
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|
area of lesion vertical disorientation
|
nondominant parietal lobe
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Agnosia
|
the inability to recognise familiar objects with one sensory modality,while retaining the ability to recognise the same object with other sensory modalities
|
|
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Visual object agnosia
|
the inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal function of the eyes and optical tracts
|
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Simultanagnosia
|
the inability to perceive a visual stimulus as a whole;also known as Balint's syndrome
|
|
|
Prosopagnosia
|
an inability to recognize faces or other visually ambigious stimuli as being familiar and distinct from one another
|
|
|
area of lesion simultanagnosia
|
dominent occipital lobe
|
|
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area of lesion color agnosia
|
dominent hemisphere lesion
|
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Auditory agnosia
|
the inability to recognize nonspeech sounds or to discriminate between them
|
|
|
area of lesion auditory agnosia
|
dominant temporal lobe
|
|
|
Tactile agnosia or astereognosis
|
the inability to recognize objects by handling them,although tactile,proprioceptive,and thermal sensations may be intact
|
|
|
area of lesion tactile agnosia or astereognosis
|
parieto-temporo-occipital lobe (posterior association areas) of either hemisphere
|
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|
Apraxia
|
a disorder of voluntary learned movement that is characterized by an inability to perform purposeful movements and that cannot be accounted for by inadequate strength,loss of coordination,impaired sensation,attentional deficits,or lack of comprehension
|
|
|
area of lesion apraxia
|
dominant hemisphere lesion
|
|
|
Ideomotor apraxia
|
the inability to perform a task on command and to imitate gestures,even though the pt understands the concept of the task;pt is able to carry out habitual tasks automatically
|
|
|
area of lesion ideomotor apraxia
|
lesions in the left,dominant hemisphere
|
|
|
Ideational apraxia
|
an inability to perform a purposeful motor act,either automatically or upon command;an inability to retain the idea of the task and to formulate the necessary motor patterns.the pt no longer understands the overall concept of the act
|
|
|
area of ideational apraxia
|
dominant parietal lobe
|
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|
Color agnosia
|
an inability to recognize colors
|
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|
Endolymph
|
fluid within the semicircular canals
|
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|
Otolith organs
|
linear movement sensor of the vestibular system
|
|
|
Semicircular canals
|
angular movement sensors of the vestibular system
|
|
|
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
|
reflex responsible for generating eye movement,
|
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|
Smooth pursuit
|
voluntary eye movement used to follow a moving target
|
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|
Push-pull mechanism
|
the brain detects head movement through comparison of inputs from the 2 vestibular system. the SCCs all work in pairs; the right anterior SCC is paired with the left posterior SCC and vice versa, and the 2 horizontal canals are a pair. as the head is turned to the right, the right horizontal SCC will have an increased firing rate (depolarized) while the left horizontal SCC has a decreased firing rate (hyperpolarized).
|
|
|
Disequilibrium
|
subjective sensation that one is off balance
|
|
|
Oscillopsia
|
visual blurring during head motion
|
|
|
Peripheral vestibular lesion
|
a lesion in the peripheral vestibular organ or cranial nerve VIII
|
|
|
Dizziness
|
sensation of lightheadedness,whirling or feeling a tendency to fall
|
|
|
Lightheadedness
|
sense of feeling as if about to faint
|
|
|
Labyrinth
|
membranous structure within the temporal bone on each side of skull
|
|
|
primary functions of the peripheral vestibular system
|
1) to stabilize visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement to allow clear vision 2) to maintain postural stability, especially during movement of the head 3) to provide information used for spatial orientation
|
|
|
Movement sensors in labyrinth
|
semicircular canals and the otolith organs
|
|
|
types of semicircular canals (SCC)
|
anterior or superior; posterior or inferior; horizontal or lateral
|
|
|
the otoliths
|
they r comprised of the saccule and the utricle, respond to linear acceleration and to the pull of gravity
|
|
|
signals from SCC and from the saccule and utricle
|
signals from 3 SCCs are used for gaze stability; signals from the utricle and saccule are used for postural stability
|
|
|
principles of vestibular system
|
tonic firing rate, vestibulo-ocular system(VOR), push-pull mechanism, inhibitory cut off, and the velocity storage system(VSS)
|
|
|
tonic firing rate
|
normal vestibular system has a tonic firing rate of 80 pulses per second. angular or linear movement of the head can increase or decrease the firing rate of the vestibular system
|
|
|
vestibular gain
|
normally,as the head moves in one direction,the eyes will move in the opposite direction with equal velocity. this relationship of eye velocity to head velocity is expressed as the vestibular gain
|
|
|
Saccade
|
fast,involuntary eye movement
|
|
|
Canalithiasis
|
fragments of otoconia floating freely in the endolypmh of the SCC; associated with positional vertigo
|
|
|
Cupulolithiasis
|
fragments of otoconia gravitate to and become attached to the cupula of the SCC; associated with positional vertigo
|
|
|
What is visual evoked potentials? What is the average response time in normal person? (MS)
|
you stimulate the eyes with a checkerboard pattern and the impulses are measured over the occipital area where the visual center is;
100ms |
|
|
Specifically, how does vision loss present in MS
|
partial or complete visual loss
development of scotomas changes in color vision pain with extraocular movements |
|
|
What is MS?
|
a prototypical demyelinating disease
|
|
|
What is thought to cause the symptoms of MS?
|
problems of nerve conduction due to axonal demyelination and disruption
|
|
|
The attacking of myelin and oligodendrocytes in MS is thought to be due to...
|
a complex interaction of immune system components such as macrophages, T-cells, and various cytokines
|
|
|
What is the second most common symptom of MS?
|
visual loss
|
|
|
What is attacked in MS?
|
both the myelin and the myelin producing oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
What causes visual loss in MS?
|
optic neuritis
|
|
|
What are some symptoms of MS?
|
itching,
pain, numbness, visual loss, bladder problems, fatigue, spasticity, sexual dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction |
|
|
What is the most common symptom of MS?
|
numbness that begins in the arm or leg and gradually spreads to waist or neck levels
|
|
|
What are the four patterns of MS?
|
1.relapsing remitting MS
2.secondary progressive MS 3.primary progressive MS 4.progressive relapsing MS |
|
|
What are the 3 diagnostic tests for MS?
|
MRI
Visual evoked potentials CSF |
|
|
What is the pathological hallmark of MS?
|
plaques (MS means multiple scars)
|
|
|
What are some consequences of untreated MS?
|
becoming wheelchair bound, vision loss, bowel or bladder dysfunction
|
|
|
Who does MS commonly affect?
|
women between the ages of 20-40 (primarily Caucasians of northern european or scandinavian descent)
|
|
|
What are the 3 main pathological processes seen in MS?
|
1st: inflammation
2nd: demyelination 3rd: axonal loss |
|
|
What tracts are found in the cerebral peduncles?
|
corticospinal and corticobulbar
|
|
|
The caudate, putamemn,globus pallidus, and amygdala are collectively referred to as the ____________ ____________.
|
basal ganglia
|
|
|
In general, each cerebral hemisphere controls the __________ side of the body.
|
contralateral
|
|
|
A lesion to both sides of the brain is said to be a ____________ lesion.
|
bilateral
|
|
|
The two cerebral ventricles that are located on the midline of the brain are the __________and ___________ ventricles.
|
3rd
4th |
|
|
Language related abilities are sedom disrupted by lesions of the __________ hemisphere.
|
right
|
|
|
Together, the diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalong compose the ________ ________.
|
brain
|
|
|
The spinal cord has no ventricles; instead it has the ___________ ____________.
|
central canal
|
|
|
Caudate plus putmen equals ______________.
|
striatum
|
|
|
The ___________ nervous system is the major division of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment.
|
autonomic
|
|
|
The cerebral aqueduct is located in the ____________.
|
mesencephalon
|
|
|
The motor division of the autonomic nervous sytem that is active during periods of threat is the ___________ nervous system.
|
Sympathetic
|
|
|
Unilateral input to a brain structure is either contralateral or _________.
|
ipsilateral
|
|
|
The motor fibers of the cranial nerves are considered to be part of the ______________ division of the autonomic nervous system.
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
The dorsal column nuclei are located in the _______________.
|
medulla
|
|
|
The pia mater adheres to the surface of the _________ nervous system.
|
central
|
|
|
The precentral gyrus is in the ______________ lobe.
|
frontal
|
|
|
Primary __________ cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus.
|
somatosensory
|
|
|
A pathway from the right hand to the left side of the brain is said to be _______________ pathway.
|
contralateral
|
|
|
As the result of the pattern of decussation in the visual pathways, information about any object that we see to the left of our center of gaze is conducted from the left eye to the __ hemisphere and from the right eye to the ___________ hemisphere.
|
right
right |
|
|
The mouth area of the left motor homunuculus is adjacent to ________ area.
|
Broca's
|
|
|
Of the brain's five divisions, the most anterior is the ________, and the most posterior is the _________________.
|
telencephalon
myencephalon |
|
|
Primary __________ cortex is located in the precentral gyrus
|
motor
|
|
|
The two divisions of nthe peripheral nervous system are the autonomic nervous system and the ________ nervous system.
|
somatic
|
|
|
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the _________ gyrus of each ________ lobe.
|
postcentral
parietal |
|
|
The ______ ___________ lies between the thalamus and putamen.
|
globus pallidus
|
|
|
largest nerve; supplies the voluntary and involuntaru motor impulses to all but two eye muscles
|
Oculomotor nerve
|
|
|
displasia
|
head of femur doesn't quit "fit" in hips
|
|
|
superior pubic ramus
|
upper part of pubic bone
|
|
|
cuneiform bones
|
3 bones that articulate with metatarsals
|
|
|
medial and lateral supercondylar ridges
|
where the ridge divides into 2 parts (distal end of shaft)
|
|
|
3 bones that make up the pelvic girdle
|
Coxae: ilium, ischium, pubis
|
|
|
What are the 2 tuberosities for uscles and ligament attachment on the Femur?
|
Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
|
|
|
Sciatic nerve
|
main nerve that runs down legs, carries sensory information to the brain
|
|
|
arcuate line
|
line across the iliac fossa (on back)
|
|
|
notch behind iliac spine for sciatic nerve
|
greater sciatic notch
|
|
|
where 2 pubic bones are connected together
|
pubic tubercle
|
|
|
tract of arched association fibers
|
fornix
|
|
|
optic chisam
(chi= crossing over) |
- anterior to the infundibulum
- area where the optic nerves cross |
|
|
3 main regions of the cerebrum
|
cerebral cortex
white matter basal ganglia |
|
|
diencephalon
|
- brain's central area
- 3 regions: thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus |
|
|
cerebral cortex
(cortex= bark) |
- superficial gray matter composed of nerve cell bodies & dendrites
- integrates sensory info/ initiates motor output/ involved in emotions & intellectual processes - AKA cortical area - INSULA: area that lies deeper on the lateral sides |
|
|
internal capsule
|
large group of projection fibers
|
|
|
projection fibers
|
ascending and descending fiber tracts that project nerve impulses
from inferior to superior brain areas or vice versa |
|
|
white matter
|
- deep to the outer cortex
- composed mainly of myelinated axons organized into fiber tracts |
|
|
Cranial nerves III and IV originate from this portion of the brain
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Layer of the meninges that holds blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain and spinal cord
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Lobe in which the estimation of distances, sizes, and shapes takes place
|
Parietal lobe
|
|
|
System involved in emotional states and behavior
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
Connects cerebellum with other portions of the brain
|
Pons
|
|
|
Helps to regulate respiration
|
Pons
|
|
|
Outermost layer of the meninges
|
Dura mater
|
|
|
Cranial nerves that contain only sensory fibers
|
I
II VIII |
|
|
Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull usually on the side of the head resulting from a skull fracture causing damage to an artery
|
Epidural hematoma
|
|
|
Instrument used to study electrical activity of the brain
|
Electroencephalograph
|
|
|
Vascular network in the ventricles of the brain that forms CSF by filtration of the blood and by cellular secretion
|
Choroid plexus
|
|
|
Helps maintain muscle tone so that all muscle fibers are slightly tensed and ready to produce changes in position as quickly as neccessary
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Supplies one eyeball muscle
|
Trochlear
|
|
|
Area contained within the temporal lobe for receiving and interpreting impulses from the ear
|
Auditory area
|
|
|
Anterior region below the cerebrum
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
Lobe that lies inferior to the lateral sulcus and folds under the hemisphere on each side
|
Temporal lobe
|
|
|
Connects the third and fourth ventricles
|
Cerebral aqueduct
|
|
|
Contains nerve fibers that carry impulses to and from the centers located above and below it
|
The pons
|
|
|
Has reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Impulses for pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle sense, pressure, and vibrations; come from receptors widely distributed throughout the body
|
General sensory impulses
|
|
|
Coordinates voluntary muscles; maintains balance and muscle tone
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Folds in the cortex forming elevated portions
|
Gyri
|
|
|
Connects cerebrum with lower portions of the brain
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Located between the pons and the spinal cord
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
|
|
Formed by the separation of the dura mater in certain places to provide venous channels for the drainage of blood coming from the brain tissue
|
Dura sinuses
|
|
|
Layer of the meninges attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord
|
Pia mater
|
|
|
Three layers of fibrous membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
|
Meninges
|
|
|
Helps maintain balance in standing, walking, and sitting as well as during more strenuous activities
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Deep groove that separates the cerebral hemispheres
|
Longitudinal fissure
|
|
|
Cranial nerves that contain all or mostly motor fibers
|
III
IV VI XI XII |
|
|
Lobe that occupies the superior part of each hemisphere and lies posterior to the central sulcus
|
Parietal lobe
|
|
|
An important connecting link between the cerebellum and the rest of the nervous system
|
The pons
|
|
|
Site for conscious thought, memory, reasoning, and abstract mental functions, all localized within specific lobes
|
Cortex
|
|
|
Area contained within the gyrus just anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe which provides conscious control of skeletal muscles
|
Primary motor area
|
|
|
Interbrain located between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Membrane is loosely attached to the deepest of the meninges by weblike fibers, allowing a space for the movement of CSF
|
Arachnoid
|
|
|
A loss or defect in language communication
|
Aphasia
|
|
|
four chambers in the brain where CSF is formed
|
Ventricles
|
|
|
Lobe that lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum
|
Occipital lobe
|
|
|
The retention of bits of information for a few seconds or a few minutes, after which the information is lost unless reinforced
|
Short term memory
|
|
|
Controls the muscles of respiration in response to chemical and other stimuli
|
Respiratory center
|
|
|
Regulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls and thus controls blood flow and blood pressure
|
Vasomotor center
|
|
|
Controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system as well as the pituitary gland
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
A progressive meurologic condition characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs and joints, slow movement, and impaired balance
|
Parkinson disease
|
|
|
Made up of three parts: the vermis, and two lateral hemispheres
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Region along the border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
A brain disorder resulting from an unexplained degeneration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
|
Alzheimer disease
|
|
|
An important band of white matter located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure
|
Corpus callosum
|
|
|
Contains four bodies that act as centers for certain reflexes involving the eye and the ear
|
Midbrain
|
|
|
Supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to the larynx (voice box) and pharynx
|
Vagus
|
|
|
The largest of the four ventricles are located in the two cerebral hemispheres
|
Lateral ventricles
|
|
|
Connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
Thickest and toughest layer of the meninges
|
Dura mater
|
|
|
Lobe that lies anterior to the central sulcus
|
Frontal lobe
|
|
|
Area where the speech muscles in the tongue, the soft palate, and the larynx are controlled
|
Motor speech area (Broca area)
|
|
|
Contains the respiratory center, cardiac center, and the vasomotor center
|
Medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Groove which curves along the side of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
|
Lateral sulcus
|
|
|
Another region of the auditory cortex, functions in speech recognition and the meaning of words
|
Speech comprehension area (Wernicke area)
|
|
|
Controls muscles of facial expression; carries sensation of taste; stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) gland
|
Facial
|
|
|
Maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Masses of gray matter located deep within each cerebral hemisphere
|
Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
|
|
|
Largest and uppermost portion of the brain
|
Cerebrum
|
|
|
Area contained within the gyrus just behind the central sulcus in the parietal lobe where impulses from the skin, such as touch, pain, and temperature, are interpreted
|
Primary sensory area
|
|
|
Composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
Crainial nerves V through VIII originate in this portion of the brain
|
The pons
|
|
|
Area located in the medial part of the temporal lobe concerned with the sense of smell
|
Olfactory area
|
|
|
Vascular network in the ventricles of the brain that forms CSF by filtration of the blood and by cellular secretion
|
Choroid plexus
|
|
|
Globus pallidus
|
("pale globe"); medial to the putamen and "connected" to it; divided into lateral (external) and medial (internal) segments; separated from the thalamus by the fibers of the internal capsule
|
|
|
The posterior limb, genu, and retrolenticular portion of the internal capsule are supplied primarily by the ______ branches of the _____ artery
|
lenticulo-striate
middle cerebral |
|
|
Lentiform nucleus
|
putamen and globus pallidus
not related embryologically but which are joined |
|
|
The ventral part of the "C" of the lateral ventricles is made by the _______ horn which is located in the lobe
|
temporal or inferior; temporal
|
|
|
list the basal ganglia
|
1 caudate
2 putamen 3 globus pallidus 4 amygdala complex other nuclei, for example the claustrum, may also be included as part of the basal ganglia |
|
|
The _______ are a group of nuclei lying deep within the cerebral hemispheres which are derived from the x _____ in development
|
basal ganglia (or more correctly, basal “nuclei”); basal ganglia (or more correctly, basal “nuclei”)
|
|
|
the three major “limbs” of the internal capsule
|
anterior, genu, and posterior limbs
|
|
|
Corpus striatum components
|
1 caudate
2 putamen 3 globus pallidus ("striped" body; in anterior portions, fibers of the internal capsule push apart the caudate and putamen, giving the area a "striped" appearance) |
|
|
Extinction phenomena
|
is used to describe a situation in which only the proximal stimulus is perceived, with extinction of the distal.
|
|
|
drugs that can improve memory
|
CNS stimulants, cholinergic agents
|
|
|
drugs that can degrade memory
|
benzodiazapines, anti-cholinergic drugs
|
