Neuro Final Exam

Front 1

Chemical control of Behavior
What are the three major part of the brian that can control your body?

Back 1

The Hypothalamus
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Modulatory system

Front 2

Secretory Hypothalamus:
What is the mechanism of the hypothalamus?

Back 2

Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which release neurons "neurohormones" into the blood.

Front 3

Secretory Hypothalamus:
Where are the neurohormones going to in the blood?

Back 3

To target cells that are close to the blood supply.

Front 4

Secretory Hypothalamus:
How is the hypothalamus able to control all parts of your body?

Back 4

Everything that is close to your blood cells is affected by your hypothalamus. brain uses chemicals to control globally your body.

Front 5

Autonomic Nervous System:
How does the brain controls the rest of your body?

Back 5

A few neurons in the hypothalamus make 100's of 1000's of connections with target cells. Wide spread Global affect.

Front 6

Autonomic Nervous System:
By stressing you out what can happen?

Back 6

Increase heart rate and contraction of veins and a change in blood flow leading to a decrease in digestion.

Front 7

Autonomic Nervous System:
How many places are not affected by the autonomic nervous system?

Back 7

Hardly any.

Front 8

Diffus Modulatory System:
How is this different than Autonomic ?

Back 8

a series of brain neurons that project to all areas IN the brain. Autonomic is all areas outside the brain.

Front 9

Diffus Modulatory System:
Uses axon terminals and also what to release neurotransmitters?

Back 9

synapses in passing.

Front 10

Secretory Hypothalamus:
Name and what it looks like

Back 10

It is called the third ventrical - a fluid filled cavity right in the middle of the brain.

Front 11

Secretory Hypothalamus:
What is surrounding the third ventrical?

Back 11

the hypothalamus is surrounding the third ventrical.

Front 12

Secretory Hypothalamus:
list the three zones and the nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Back 12

1. Periventricular Zone closest to the 3rd ventrical
2. Medial Zone
3. Lateral Zone
4. Arcuate Nucleus is at the bottom of all three zones

Front 13

Secretory Hypothalamus:
Are all of these part of the hypothalamus?

Back 13

Yes

Front 14

Secretory Hypothalamus:
Pituitary gland:
What are the two regons of the pituitary gland?

Back 14

Anterior and posterior.

Front 15

Secretory Hypothalamus:
Where is the hypothalamus located compared to the pituitary gland?

Back 15

Just above it.

Front 16

Autonomic Nervous System:
What are the two subsystems of the autonomic Nervous system?

Back 16

Parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 17

Autonomic Nervous System:
Where does the sympathetic nerves originate from?

Back 17

Thoracic and Lumbar region of the spine

Front 18

Autonomic Nervous System:
Where does the parasympathetic nerves originate from?

Back 18

Brain stem and sacral region.

Front 19

Autonomic Nervous System:
Preganglionic neurons are _____ and release _____ and post ganglionic neurons are ______ and release _____in the SYMPATHETIC nervous system.

Back 19

Short, Ach
Long, Noraepenephrin

Front 20

Autonomic Nervous System:
Preganglionic neurons are _____ and release _____ and post ganglionic neurons are ______ and release _____in the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system.

Back 20

Long, Ach
Short, Ach

Front 21

Autonomic Nervous System:
Sympathetic nervous systems goal is?

Back 21

Short term surival

Front 22

Autonomic Nervous System:
parasympathetic nervous systems over function is?

Back 22

Long term survival

Front 23

Autonomic Nervous System:
What are the three branches of the Autonomic Nervous System.

Back 23

1.
2.
3. Enteric Nervoux system

Front 24

Autonomic Nervous System:
What is the responsibility of the Enteric Nervous system?

Back 24

To aid in the digestion of food.

Front 25

Autonomic Nervous System:
How many neurons are in the Enteric nervous system?

Back 25

as many as the entire spinal cord. so its large.

Front 26

Autonomic Nervous System:
Enteric nervous system, what makes it operate?

Back 26

on its own (like if you ripped out the heart it would still beat), but it can be affected by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. (slow it down, speed it up)

Front 27

Autonomic Nervous System:
Enteric nervous system is connected to what types of neuron connections?

Back 27

Sensory and motor information. As soon as you swallow the enteric nervous system is taking over.

Front 28

Autonomic Nervous System:
Enteric nervous system operates what organs?

Back 28

esophagus, stomach, intestins, gall bladder, pancreous, blood flow to the digestive system.

Front 29

Enteric nervous system:
Lumen of Digestion system is located where?

Back 29

the very center of the lumen of the tube of the middle outside of your body.

Front 30

Enteric nervous system:
lumen is surrounded by neurons then another muscle layer called ______?

Back 30

Circular smooth muscle and contract and squeezes the tube.

Front 31

Enteric nervous system:
lumen is surrounded by neurons then another muscle layer called circular smooth muscle and is covered by another muscle layer called______?

Back 31

Longitudinal smooth muscle and contracts and makes the tube shorter.

Front 32

Enteric nervous system:
lumen is surrounded by circular smooth muscle and another muscle layer called Longitudinal smooth muscle where are the neurons located among this?

Back 32

On top of the luman tube called a submucosal plexus and in between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle called myenteric plexus.

Front 33

Enteric nervous system:
Submucosal Plexus is made up of what type of neurons and what does it detect?

Back 33

It is mostly sensory neurons and detects the stretch of the intestines, stomach and esophagus. As well as hormones in the blood and chemicals in the lumen.

Front 34

Enteric nervous system:
Myenteric Plexus is made up of what type of neurons and what does it detect?

Back 34

It is mostly motor neurons and controls contractions of esophagus, stomach and intestins. As well as contracts gall bladder, digestion secretions and diameter of digestive blood vessels (to bring in or move out blood).

Front 35

Motivation and Behavior:
What is motivation?

Back 35

The driving force behind behavior, the urge to do something.

Front 36

Motivation and Behavior:
Things in the body compete for goals, list a few.

Back 36

hunger
bathroom
listen to ipod

Front 37

Motivation and Behavior:
the __________ is what determins which one you will do.

Back 37

magnitude of the motivation

Front 38

Motivation and Behavior:
Some of these motivations are part of what type of feed back?

Back 38

Negative ie use the restroom.

Front 39

Motivation and Behavior:
Many motivation arise from ___________ loops of internal variables.

Back 39

homeostatic feedback

Front 40

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger:
What is it affected by?

Back 40

Mood
Short term energy levels (blood glucose levels)
long term energy levels (fat)

Front 41

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: Long term regulation of energy has a goal what is it?

Back 41

To maintain energy balance, the body has a set point for fat storage.

Front 42

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: Can you change the set point of Long term regulation of energy?

Back 42

Yes, but it is hard to do, and is controlled by your brain.

Front 43

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: Where is the set point located in the brain?

Back 43

The hypothalamus.

Front 44

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: How does fat communicate its volume to the brain?

Back 44

Leptin which is secreted by fat cells. The amount of fat is proportional to the level of the amount of leptin produced. So the brain measure the leptin levels.

Front 45

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: If you have increased calories in the blood over the long term it will lead to?

Back 45

an increase in fat in your body.

Front 46

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: increas calories in blood _____ fat, and ____ Leptin in blood.

Back 46

increas, increase.

Front 47

Motivation and Behavior:
Leptin receptors bind to what part ______ of the hypothalamus?

Back 47

arcuate nucleus

Front 48

Motivation and Behavior:
what two effects does the arcuate nucleus have on the hypothalaums.

Back 48

1. Turns on neurns in the Paraventricular zone and Lateral Zone

Front 49

Motivation and Behavior:
When the paraventricular zone is activated it goes through the Autonomic nervous system and activates which ANS system leading to _________.

Back 49

sympathetic nervous
increased calorie burning.

Front 50

Motivation and Behavior:
When the paraventricular zone is activated it goes through the Autonomic nervous system and also activates the __________ system releasing _________.

Back 50

puitutary
thyroid hormone

Front 51

Motivation and Behavior:
When the lateral zone is activated it changes motivation/behavior leading to feeling ______ leading to a _____ in calorie intake?

Back 51

motivation/behavior
decrease in hunger & Increase in Satiety (feeling full) leading to a decrease of calorie intake

Front 52

Motivation and Behavior:
What are the three overall responses that Leptin detection produce?

Back 52

Autonomic response
Hormone response
Behavior response.

Front 53

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: short term regulation of energy has a goal what is it?

Back 53

to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood

Front 54

Motivation and Behavior:
Hunger: short term regulation of energy is regulated by?

Back 54

regulated by the hypothalamus

Front 55

Motivation and Behavior:
Short term regulation of energy is regulated by the hypothalamus through input from? so all of these get detected and go up to the hypothalamus.

Back 55

1. Glucose in Blood
2. Insulin in Blood
3. Gastric distension (via stretch receptors)
4. Levels of cck a hormone

Front 56

Motivation and Behavior:
If there is a decrease in glucose, insulin, gastric distension, or cck the hypothalamus?

Back 56

sends a signal to the paraventricular zone (autonomic and hormonal control) decreasing your metabolism.
And the lateral zone (motivational) causes an increase in food intake.

Front 57

Gender diff in cognition:
Which is better verbally, male or female?

Back 57

Female

Front 58

Gender diff in cognition:
Which is better spatially, male or female?

Back 58

male

Front 59

Gender diff in cognition:
The differences between men and women in the verbal and spatial areas was Huge. T or F

Back 59

False it was tiny

Front 60

Masculinization of the brain:
Why do men act differently compared to women?

Back 60

testosterone masculinizes the brain.

Front 61

Masculinization of the brain:
if there were no testosterone in the brain, all people would be women. T or F

Back 61

true

Front 62

Developing males have _____ testosterone levels, and females have _____ testosterone levels.

Back 62

high
low

Front 63

Sex Chromosomes:
xx =
xy =

Back 63

Female
male

Front 64

Sex Chromosomes:
The y chromosome contains the _____ gene

Back 64

SRY

Front 65

Sex Chromosomes:
The SRY gene controls ______ traites.

Back 65

Multiple

Front 66

Sex Chromosomes:
The SRY gene turns on what?

Back 66

other genes which code for maleness including testicals which produce testosterone.

Front 67

Sex Chromosomes:
Does the genes or hormone controls weather or not you look at act like a female?

Back 67

Its the hormones

Front 68

Sex Chromosomes:
If a female brain is saturated with testosterone, the body will look ______ and they act like _______

Back 68

Females
males

Front 69

Sex Chromosomes:
In humans xy = male. If they have a defect in the androgen receptor gene, they have androgen insensitivity. What does this mean?

Back 69

Have male parts, but not testosterone binding sites, so on the outside they look female, the testicals never dropped. However they don't menstrate and are infertil. The look and act like female. There brain was never masculinized.

Front 70

Sex Chromosomes:
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - what is it?

Back 70

It is when adrenal glands over produce testosterone which affect the rest of the body.

Front 71

If congenital adrenal hayperplasia happens to a man it...?

Back 71

doesn't really have a big effect.

Front 72

If conGENITAL adrenal hayperplasia happens to a women it...?

Back 72

there external genetalia are intermediate in size. They also act like tom boys and have a tendency to be homosexual due to masculenity of the brain.

Front 73

Effects On Neurons:
Increase testosterone leads to an decrease in _______ ______ neurotransmitter production.

Back 73

GABA an inhibiory

Front 74

Effects On Neurons:
Increase testosterone leads to an ______ in the number of _______ on dendrites.

Back 74

increase
connections

Front 75

Effects On Neurons:
Increase testosterone leads the a ______ in _______ channels.

Back 75

increase
NMDA (that Mg plug preventing Ca2+ from entering the cell)

Front 76

Sexual Behavior:
Monogamy is found in some Vols to be due to _____ and _____ receptor sites.

Back 76

Vasopressin
Oxytocin

Front 77

Sexual Behavior:
Monogamy found in Prairie Vols was due to _____ and ____ of the receptors.

Back 77

Quantity and location.

Front 78

In Prairie Vols, during mating males have an increase in vasopressin leading to pair bonding with females. T or F

Back 78

True

Front 79

In Prairie Voles, females have an increase in oxytocin causing an increase in maternal insticts. T or F

Back 79

True

Front 80

Vasopression antagonists in male prairie voles prevents pair bonding. T or F

Back 80

True

Front 81

In Montain Voles, does vasopression have an effect?

Back 81

no.

Front 82

Biological Rhythms:
What is an EEG?

Back 82

A measurement of the neural activity, recorded from the scalp surface.

Front 83

Biological Rhythms:
the negative Ions are on the ______ side of the neuron and the (+) ions are on the _____ side of the neuron creating an ____ ______

Back 83

dendrite
transmitter
electric field.

Front 84

Biological Rhythms:
The neurons in your cortex are alliend in what orientation?

Back 84

In the same orientation with there axons going away from the scalp surface and their dendrites go towards the scalp.

Front 85

Biological Rhythms:
The cortex neurons are orientated in the same direction creating what?

Back 85

They create electric fields allowing it to be detected by the EEG. A single neuron firing is not strong enough to be detected.

Front 86

Biological Rhythms:
A non synchronous firing EEG looks like what?

Back 86

small quick waves (each firing at there own speed)

Front 87

Biological Rhythms:
A synchronous firing EEG looks like what?

Back 87

a large slow wave (each firing at the same time) *they have connections between them which they can determine what its neighbor is doing.

Front 88

Biological Rhythms:
What is the function of EEG's?

Back 88

No one knows.

Front 89

Biological Rhythms:
If you get a large enough brain rhythm, it can cause?

Back 89

a seizure.

Front 90

Biological Rhythms:
How can you tell what type of seizure someone is having?

Back 90

by measuring the degree the rhythm spreads across the body.

Front 91

Biological Rhythms:
What is Epilepsy?

Back 91

It is repeated seizures.

Front 92

Biological Rhythms:
What are some causes of epilepsy and how do they treat them?

Back 92

Durgs
overstimuli of sensory neurons
and GABA is used to treat them. It is an agonist.

Front 93

Biological Rhythms:
List the 2 types of seizures

Back 93

1. General seizure
2. Partial sezure

Front 94

Biological Rhythms:
General seizures involve ______ area.

Back 94

The entire cortex - massive senrenous activity that goes throughout the cortex.

Front 95

Biological Rhythms:
Partial seizures involves a ______ area.

Back 95

Limited

Front 96

Biological Rhythms:
Partial seizures can have different side effects list some.

Back 96

can happen in different areas causing symptoms in the area it is effected.
Clonic Movement - starts and stops and starts and stops
Odd sensations - depending on the area effected. ie tast buds taste weird.
Hallucinations
dejavu - perception you have done something before.

Front 97

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
How long are we asleep in our lifetime?

Back 97

1/3 are spent sleeping

Front 98

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
How long are we dreaming in our lifetime?

Back 98

1/12 are spent sleeping

Front 99

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
Sleep is universal in vertabrates. T or F

Back 99

True

Front 100

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
Since sleep is universal it has to serve a purpose? T or F

Back 100

True

Front 101

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
Define Sleep:

Back 101

It is a readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness and interaction with the environment.

Front 102

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
What are the 2 changes of sleep.

Back 102

1. Non-REM
2. REM

Front 103

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
Non REM sleep wave patterns are_____ and activation of the ______ nervous system and decreases ______ activity and decreases______ input to the cortex.

Back 103

Large
parasympathetic
Brain
Sensory

Front 104

Sleep & Rhythms of the Brain:
REM sleep wave patterns are_____ and Rapid ______ ______ and increases______ consumption of the brain (even more than when your awake) and your body is in a state of _______ your body ______ control stops.

Back 104

Small (non-sencranous) and quick like when your awake
eye movement
oxygen consumption
paralysis
temperature

Front 105

Bio Rhythms:
When your awake your rhythm is
Alpha, Beta, Delta, or Theta

Back 105

Alpha

Front 106

Bio Rhythms:
When your asleep (non REM) your rhythm is
Alpha, Beta, Delta, or Theta

Back 106

Theta, Delta, Theta

Front 107

Bio Rhythms:
When your asleep (REM) your rhythm is
Alpha, Beta, Delta, or Theta

Back 107

Beta

Front 108

Bio Rhythms:
Alpha wave is...?

Back 108

Small and Quick

Front 109

Bio Rhythms:
Beta wave is...?

Back 109

small and quick

Front 110

Bio Rhythms:
Delta wave is...?

Back 110

large and slow

Front 111

Bio Rhythms:
Theta wave is...?

Back 111

Medium

Front 112

Bio Rhythms:
What do you call the area of sleep that includes the non REM and REM cycles?

Back 112

Ultradian Rhythm Cycle.

Front 113

Bio Rhythms:
As you go through the sleep cycles between REM and non REM the ______ gets longer and _____ gets shorter?

Back 113

REM (25% of the whole sleep cycle)
non REM (75% of the whole sleep cycle)

Front 114

Bio Rhythms:
What is the average time a human sleeps?

Back 114

7.5 hours

Front 115

Circadian Rhythm:
What is circadian rhythm?

Back 115

It is a daily rhythm based on a 24 hr day.

Front 116

Circadian Rhythm:
What clock runs the Circadian Rhythm and how can it be adjusted?

Back 116

An internal clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli.

Front 117

Circadian Rhythm:
What does the term Free-running mean?

Back 117

A person who's internal clock is working with NO external cues.

Front 118

Circadian Rhythm:
All humans Circadian Rhythm is the same? T or F

Back 118

False, it is per person.

Front 119

Circadian Rhythm:
some people have a 26 hr Circadian Rhythm what would you call this person?

Back 119

a night person

Front 120

Circadian Rhythm:
some people have a 22 hr Circadian Rhythm what would you call this person?

Back 120

a morning person

Front 121

Circadian Rhythm:
what resets a Circadian Rhythm and what is the most powerful cue?

Back 121

An external cue
light

Front 122

Pituitary gland:
The Periventricular zone:
Receives?
Regulates?
Contains?

Back 122

Recieves fetinal information
Regulates ANS
Contains Neurosecretory neurons, which project to the pituitary gland.

Front 123

Pituitary gland:
Lateral Zone:
Affects?
Drives?

Back 123

Affects motivation
Drives behavior

Front 124

Pituitary gland:
The anterior pituitary gland is what type of tissue?

Back 124

A secretory tissue

Front 125

Pituitary gland:
Vasopressin is released from which Pituitary gland?

Back 125

The posterior

Front 126

Pituitary gland:
Oxytocin is released from which Pituitary gland and is triggered by what?

Back 126

The posterior
pressure on the cervix and stimulation of the nipples.

Front 127

Pituitary gland:
Anterior pituitary is mostly neural tissue. T or F

Back 127

False, it is mostly seretory

Front 128

Pituitary gland:
The anterior pituitary neurons are parvocellular neurons from the periventricular zone. T or F

Back 128

True

Front 129

Pituitary gland:
how many capillary beds does the anterior pituitary gland have?

Back 129

2, parvocellular neruons come in and affect capillary bed 1, it drains into capillary bed 2 and it passes on the information to the secretroy cells.

Front 130

Pituitary gland:
Parvocellular neurons are from _____ zone, and are larger or smaller than magnocellular neurons? They release _____ hormonse and project to the _____ pituitary

Back 130

periventricular zone
smaller
tropic
anterior

Front 131

Pituitary gland:
Tropic hormones do what?

Back 131

affects the release of another hormone

Front 132

Pituitary gland:
Secretory cells _____ and ____ hormones, while parvocellular cells ______ production/release of hormones.

Back 132

produce
release
increase the

Front 133

Pituitary gland:
List the hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.

Back 133

1. GH
2. Prolactin
3. FSH
4. LH
5. ACTH - tropic hormone
6. TSH - tropic hormone

Front 134

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> anterior pituitary -> TSH -> Thyroid Gland -> Thynxine T3 & T4

Back 134

when Thynxine is produced it has a negative feed back on Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus telling it to stop producing TRH

Front 135

Pituitary gland:
Negative feed back levels allows more control of substance level in the body. T or F

Back 135

True

Front 136

Autonomic Nervous System:
The ANS has 3 branches, what are they?

Back 136

1. sympathetic NS
2. Parasympathetic NS
3. Enteric NS @ digestive system

Front 137

Autonomic Nervous System:
The Sympathetic NS Goal is?

Back 137

short term survival

Front 138

Autonomic Nervous System:
the ANS uses conscious control. T or F

Back 138

False, the body is wired to do this.

Front 139

Autonomic Nervous System:
The SNS and PNS both have global wide spread effects. T or F

Back 139

True

Front 140

Autonomic Nervous System:
The SNS seem to work opposing one another, the SNS increases flow to skeletal muscle and skin, while the PNS decreases blood flow to the skeletal muscle and skin. T or F

Back 140

True

Front 141

Autonomic Nervous System:
The Parasympathetic NS effects the Pupil, heart, stomach as well as the ___________

Back 141

sympathetic NS

Front 142

Circadian Rhythm:
If you destroy your hypothalamus, you will lose your Circadian Rhythm. T or F

Back 142

True

Front 143

Circadian Rhythm:
What region of the hypothalamus is the Circadian Rhythm located?

Back 143

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 144

Circadian Rhythm:
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

Back 144

Close to the optic chaism

Front 145

Circadian Rhythm:
Neurons of the SCN are affected by?

Back 145

External cues

Front 146

Circadian Rhythm:
The DNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus produces a ________ protein.

Back 146

Time keeping

Front 147

Circadian Rhythm:
Can external cues speed up or slow down the production of protein?

Back 147

Yes.

Front 148

Circadian Rhythm:
if protein binding sites are blocked what happens to the Circadian Rhythm?

Back 148

you become free running and when it starts up again, you start off where your left off in the wave pattern.

Front 149

Memory:
List the 2 types of memory.

Back 149

1. Declarative
2. Non Declarative

Front 150

Memory:
Declarative memory contains facts and events, while non declarative contains skills, habbits, classical conditioning. T or F

Back 150

True

Front 151

Memory:
Declaratie memory is hard to learn and hard to forget. T or F

Back 151

False, it is easy to learn and easy to forget

Front 152

Memory:
non declarative memory is hard to learn and hard to forget. T or F

Back 152

True

Front 153

Memory:
How long does short term memory last?q

Back 153

a few seconds to a few minutes.

Front 154

Memory:
turning short term memories into long term memories is called?

Back 154

Consolidation

Front 155

Loss or Memory:
There are two types of Amnesia called?

Back 155

1. Retrograde
2. Anterograde

Front 156

Memory:
Retrograde amnesia you can't ______ memories.
Anterograde amnesia you can't _____ memories.

Back 156

remember
form new

Front 157

Memory:
Where are memories stored?

Back 157

All over the brain

Front 158

Memory:
Cortices are activated by external stimuli. T or F

Back 158

True