Neuro Final

Front 1

fear and fear conditioning is a function of the what?

Back 1

amygdala

Front 2

what is the mental storage of information about words that include semantic information?

Back 2

mental lexicon

Front 3

words and meaning is what kind of information?

Back 3

semantic

Front 4

how words are combined to form sentences is what kind of information?

Back 4

syntactic

Front 5

ortho graphic is ____ based

Back 5

vision

Front 6

_____ is sound based

Back 6

phonological

Front 7

in the cortex their are lesions in the brain that correlate with selective deficits in naming persons, animals, or tools.

the top region names what?

Back 7

persons

Front 8

in the cortex their are lesions in the brain that correlate with selective deficits in naming persons, animals, or tools.

the bottom region names what?

Back 8

tools

Front 9

in the cortex their are lesions in the brain that correlate with selective deficits in naming persons, animals, or tools.

the middle region names what?

Back 9

animals

Front 10

"every morning at breakfast the boy would plant" this type of violition is wrong meanings/answers and drives what neurons?

Back 10

N400

Front 11

"every morning at breakfast the eggs would eat" is a syntactic shift/ occurs in parietal site in relation. this drives what neurons?

Back 11

P600

Front 12

vowels and consonants (aeyoubmg) are ____ phonemes.

Back 12

voiced

Front 13

consonants (pstk) are ____ phoenemes.

*these are defined by where they are articulated.

Back 13

voiceless

Front 14

____ is the building blocks of spoken language, smallest units of sound that make difference to meaning.

*for example the only difference in cat and tap is c vs. t

Back 14

phonemes

Front 15

language disorders, deficits in comprehension or production of language resulting from neurological production of language resulting from neurological damage is what?

Back 15

aphasia

Front 16

_______ has had damage to the area of brain responsible planning speech production and this have marked difficulty producing speech

Back 16

broca's

Front 17

___ results from damage to the area of the brain responsible for planning speech comprehension

Back 17

wernicke's

Front 18

where is wernicke's located?

Back 18

in the posterior third of the superior temporal gyrus

Front 19

What kinds of aphasia would result from damage to phonological lexicon areas and speech planning areas

Back 19

conduction aphasia

Front 20

what is the disorder that results from damage between the connection of Wernicke’s & Broca’s areas. People with this type of aphasia have problems producing speech.

Back 20

conduction aphasia

Front 21

Where is the Broca's area located?

which lobe?

near what area?

Back 21

left side of frontal lobe

near primary motor cortex

Front 22

Where is Wernicke's area located?which lobe?near what area?

Back 22

in the temporal lobe

near primary auditory cortex

Front 23

how do the hemispheres communicate?

Back 23

corpus callosum

Front 24

what is the transient representations of task-relevant information. These representations may be related to information that has just been activated from long-term memory or something recently experienced. Representations in working memory guide behavior in the present, constituting what has been called “the blackboard of the mind.”

Back 24

working memory

Front 25

How does the n-back task reveal the limited capacity of working memory?

Back 25

It reveals the limited capacity because working memory is constantly being updated. It requires both the maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory.

Front 26

what is proposed to engage executive control, monitor performance. This structure was assumed to be a component of the limbic system helping to modulate autonomic responses during painful or threatening situations.

Back 26

anterior cingulate cortex

Front 27

Which part of the cortex is differentially engaged when processing self-referent information?

Back 27

mPFC

Front 28

what is the enhanced memory for information processed in relation to the self.

Back 28

self-referent information

Front 29

When is the default mode network activated?

Back 29

The default mode it activated when focused on self

Front 30

When is the default mode network deactivated?

Back 30

it is deactivated when engaging in a cognitive task, when focusing on things not about the self.

Front 31

The inside of the cell is more negative due to large negatively charged proteins.

The sodium potassium pump lets ____ OUT

and ____ IN

Back 31

3Na+ GOES OUT

2K GOES IN

*The sodium-potassium pump maintains this by pumping more positive ions out of the cell than it pumps in.

Front 32

______ is a change in the membrane potential in which the electrical current inside of the cell becomes more negative

Back 32

HYPERPOLARIZATION

*hyperpolarized membrane potential is farther from the firing threshold

Front 33

___ is a change in the membrane potential in which the electrical current inside the cell becomes less negative

Back 33

DEPOLARIZATION

*depolarized membrane potential is closer to the firing threshold

Front 34

what is formed by transmembrane proteins ( Na, K) that create pores, actual passageways across the membran

Back 34

ion channels

Front 35

the ___ system is the brain and spinal cord

Back 35

central nervous system

Front 36

the ____ system is a courier network that delivers sensory information to the CNS and then conducts the motor commands of the CNS to control muscles of the body; anything outside the brain and spinal cord.

Back 36

peripheral nervous system

Front 37

The general somatic ______ (GSAs) carry information from the periphery (outside environment) into the CNS (central nervous system). The GSAs send information regarding temperature, pain, touch, and proprioception (the position and movement of the musculoskeletal system).

Back 37

afferents

Front 38

The general somatic _____ (GSEs) carry information away from the CNS and towards the skeletal muscles. The GSEs control the movement of the musculoskeletal system.

Back 38

efferents

Front 39

anatomical terms:

_____ is toward the middle

Back 39

medial

Front 40

anatomical terms:_____ is toward the side

Back 40

lateral

Front 41

anatomical terms:_____ is toward the back

Back 41

dorsal

Front 42

anatomical terms:_____ is toward the stomach

Back 42

ventral

Front 43

anatomical terms:_____ is toward the head

Back 43

anterior/rostral

Front 44

anatomical terms:_____ is toward the tail

Back 44

posterior/caudal

Front 45

what are large treelike processes of neurons that receive inputs from other neurons at locations called synapses and postsynaptic, after synapses?

Back 45

dendrites

Front 46

what is a large treelike processes of neurons that receive inputs from other neurons at locations called synapses. postsynaptic, after synapses?

Back 46

axon of a neuron

Front 47

what are regions of the nervous system composed of millions of individual axons, each surrounded by myelin?

Back 47

white matter

Front 48

what are regions of the nervous system that contain primarily neuronal cell bodies?

Back 48

grey matter

Front 49

what are the subdivisions of the cortex? (4)

Back 49

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

central sulcus (divides frontal & pareital)

Front 50

what separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?

Back 50

sylvian lateral fissures

Front 51

the occipital lobe is demarcated from the parietal and temporal lobes by the ________________ on the brain’s dorsal surface and the preoccipital notch located on the ventrolateral surface

Back 51

parieto-occipital sulcus

Front 52

who identified 52 regions of the brain according to differences in cellular morphology and organization, but a combination of the cytoarchitectonic and functional descriptions of the cortex is probably the most effective in dividing the cerebral cortex into meaningful units.

Back 52

Broadman

Front 53

what cushions the brain and spinal cord?

* it's located in the internal ventricles of the nervous system providing internal support.

Back 53

CSF = cerebrospinal fluid

Front 54

what does the CSF do?

Back 54

fluid allows the brain to float to help offset the pressure that would be present if the brain were merely sitting on the base of the skull

Front 55

There are three layers of the embryonic gastrula.

ectoderm-mesoderm-endoderm.

what does the ectoderm develop into?

Back 55

nervous system, outer skin, lens of eye, inner ear, hair

Front 56

There are three layers of the embryonic gastrula.ectoderm-mesoderm-endoderm.

what does the mesoderm develop into?

Back 56

skeletal system, voluntary muscle

Front 57

There are three layers of the embryonic gastrula.ectoderm-mesoderm-endoderm.

what does the endoderm develop into?

Back 57

gut, digestive

Front 58

_____ is the injection of electrical current in the vicinity of a group of neurons of interest in order to induce neural activity. _______allows the experimenter to manipulate normal neural activity and observe the consequences on behavior. (impair or restore function)

Back 58

MICROSTIMULATION

Front 59

the "what" pathway is the _____ pathway

Back 59

ventral

Front 60

the "where" pathway is the ____ pathway

Back 60

dorsal

Front 61

which pathway creates representations of color, shape, form, and physical or visual characteristics. It does not respond to spatial cues, and its differentiation is object-specific. It identifies information about objects. includes areas V1, V4, and IT. Goes to the temporal, interotemporal, and occipital lobes.

Back 61

"what"/ventral pathway

Front 62

v1, v4, and IT belong to which pathway?

Back 62

"what"/ventral pathway

Front 63

which pathway involves recognition of motion, speed, depth, and identifies other aspects of visual space and location. The dorsal pathway is important in the process of attention, because it changes our attention and the direction of attention. (e.g. where we move to focus eyes towards, etc.) includes area MT/V5. Goes to the parietal lobe.

Back 63

"where"/dorsal pathway

Front 64

areas MT/V5 belong to which pathway?

Back 64

"where"/dorsal pathway

Front 65

which specific region in the "where"/dorsal pathway that moves toward the parietal lobe and it Recognizes motion, size, and orientation in visual space?

Back 65

MT/V5

Front 66

which specific region in the "what"/ventral pathway that moves toward the parietal lobe and it Recognizes color, shape, and form?

Back 66

V4

Front 67

which specific region in the "where"/dorsal pathway that moves toward the infertemporal lobe and it Recognizes faces and facial expression?

Back 67

IT

Front 68

what is the difference in when a sound reaches each of the two ears?

Back 68

interaural timing differences

Front 69

what is the difference in intensity at the two ears called?

Back 69

interaural intensity differences

Front 70

What physical stimuli do mechanoreceptors detect?

Back 70

things that touch us

Front 71

What physical stimuli do Nociceptors detect?

Back 71

pain, tissue damage, temperature

Front 72

this kind of agnosia is when there are failures in object recognition linked to problems in perceptual processing and is a ventral stream disorder

Back 72

apperceptive

Front 73

this kind of agnosia: is reversed apperceptive, it is when people who derive normal visual representations but cannot use this information to recognize things

Back 73

associative

Front 74

this kind of agnosia: form of agnosia associated with deficits in the recognition of objects due to the failure to group and integrate the component parts into a coherent whole. Patients with this deficit can faithfully reproduce drawings of objects; however, their percept is of isolated unconnected parts or contours.

Back 74

itegrative

Front 75

what is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements, often resulting in reduced vision. These involuntary eye movements can occur from side to side, up and down, or in a circular pattern. As a result, both eyes are unable to hold steady on objects being viewed.

Back 75

nystagmus