Neural Tube Ob Review

Front 1

Most common neural tube defect?

Which gender has higher dominance?

Back 1

Anencephaly / Aprosencephaly / atelencephaly.

Females.

Front 2

What mimics acrania?

What’s the sono appearance of acrania?

Back 2

Hypophosphatasia, osteogenesis imperfecta. (Hypomineraliztion of the cranium.)

Mickey Mouse appearance.

Front 3

Meninges or meninges and brain herniate through a defect in the calvarium?

Most commonly involved in what part of the skull?

Back 3

Cephalocele

Occipital bone most commonly

Front 4

Spina bifida occurs at which regions?

Back 4

Lumbar and sacrum regions

Front 5

Gives cerebellum a banan shaped appearance. Leads to obliteration of cisterna magna. What’s this finding?

Back 5

Arnold Chiari II malformation.

Front 6

Is the skull has a strawberry sign associated with?

Lemon shaped skull is not specific to _________, but also to?

Back 6

Trisomy 18.

Not specific to Spina Bifida. Can be for other CNS abnormalities: Encephalocele or non CNS Thanatophoric dysplasia.

Front 7

Fetus has hypotelorism combined with normally placed nose and single nostril... what is this finding?

Back 7

Cepocephaly

Front 8

Fetus has hypotelorism combined with normally placed nose and single nostril... what is this finding?

Back 8

Cepocephaly

Front 9

Severe hypotelorism with probiscis superior to eyes. Facial clefts might be present. What’s the finding?

Back 9

Ethmocephaly

Front 10

Fetus has hypotelorism combined with normally placed nose and single nostril... what is this finding?

Back 10

Cepocephaly

Front 11

Severe hypotelorism with probiscis superior to eyes. Facial clefts might be present. What’s the finding?

Back 11

Ethmocephaly

Front 12

Hypotelorism with small eyes is associated with?

Holoprosencephaly is seen with other findings such as?

Back 12

Trisomy 13.

Other sono findings seen w/ Holoprosencephaly is polyhydramnios, IUGR, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, omphalocele, cardiac defects, spina bifida, trisomy 13.

Front 13

Hypotelorism with small eyes is associated with?

Holoprosencephaly is seen with other findings such as?

Back 13

Trisomy 13.

Other sono findings seen w/ Holoprosencephaly is polyhydramnios, IUGR, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, omphalocele, cardiac defects, spina bifida, trisomy 13.

Front 14

There is an absent Corpus callosum, absent CSP, what’s this potential finding?

What are factors that can cause this?

Back 14

Agenesis of corpus callosum.

Factors: maternal Diabetes, alcohol, infection

Front 15

Hypotelorism with small eyes is associated with?

Holoprosencephaly is seen with other findings such as?

Back 15

Trisomy 13.

Other sono findings seen w/ Holoprosencephaly is polyhydramnios, IUGR, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, omphalocele, cardiac defects, spina bifida, trisomy 13.

Front 16

There is an absent Corpus callosum, absent CSP, what’s this potential finding?

What are factors that can cause this?

Back 16

Agenesis of corpus callosum.

Factors: maternal Diabetes, alcohol, infection

Front 17

There’s an obstruction, atresia or stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius?

What would you identify if this was happening?

Back 17

Aqueductul stenosis.

Ventriculomegaly.

Front 18

Choroid plexus cysts are associated with?

What should a sonographer evaluate?

Back 18

Trisomy 18.

Eval hands and heart. Is there abnormal posturing, or polydactyl. Eval nasal bone, Nuchal fold, kidneys.

Front 19

This contains cerebrospinal fluid and cellular debris that are trapped in neuroepithelial folds, what is the finding?

Back 19

Choroid plexus cysts. Ventricles enlarged.

Front 20

This contains cerebrospinal fluid and cellular debris that are trapped in neuroepithelial folds, what is the finding?

Back 20

Choroid plexus cysts. Ventricles enlarged.

Front 21

Cystic space as irregular shape possibly midline and posterior superior to third ventricle; turbulent flow.. what’s this finding?

Don’t confuse with?

Back 21

Vein of Gallen Aneurysm.

Arachnoid cysts. (No blood flow in the structure).

Front 22

This contains cerebrospinal fluid and cellular debris that are trapped in neuroepithelial folds, what is the finding?

Back 22

Choroid plexus cysts. Ventricles enlarged.

Front 23

Cystic space as irregular shape possibly midline and posterior superior to third ventricle; turbulent flow.. what’s this finding?

Don’t confuse with?

Back 23

Vein of Gallen Aneurysm.

Arachnoid cysts. (No blood flow in the structure).

Front 24

Arachnoid cysts differential?

Back 24

Porencephalic cyst. No blood flow and cyst communicates with the ventricle (ventricular system).

Arachnoid cyst: no blood flow in the structure (Benign).

Front 25

For cleft lip what’s the worse prognosis?

Back 25

Bilateral open lip

Front 26

For cleft lip what’s the worse prognosis?

Back 26

Bilateral open lip

Front 27

Sonographically: Fluid filled cleft in cerebral cortex extending from ventricle to calvarium. Ventriculomegaly seen and associated with absent CSP and corpus callosum. What’s the potential finding?

Back 27

Schizencephaly

Front 28

There’s an occlusion of internal carotid arteries, destruction of cerebral hemispheres, what’s the finding?

Back 28

Hydranencephaly

Front 29

There’s an occlusion of internal carotid arteries, destruction of cerebral hemispheres, what’s the finding?

Back 29

Hydranencephaly

Front 30

How to differentiate hydrocephalus from hydranencephaly?

Back 30

Hydrocephaly - in tact falx and surrounding rim of parenchyma.

Hydranencephaly: Absent / partial absent falx

Front 31

Ventriculomegaly seen, enlarged fetal head, what’s this finding?

Back 31

Hydrocephaly

Front 32

Ventriculomegaly seen, enlarged fetal head, what’s this finding?

Back 32

Hydrocephaly

Front 33

What are causes of Ventriculomegaly?

Back 33

Spina bifida, encephalocele, DWM, agenesis of corpus callosum, Holoprosencephaly, thanatophoic dysplasia, achondroplasia, Schizencephaly, congenital infection.

Front 34

Ventriculomegaly seen, enlarged fetal head, what’s this finding?

Back 34

Hydrocephaly

Front 35

What are causes of Ventriculomegaly?

Back 35

Spina bifida, encephalocele, DWM, agenesis of corpus callosum, Holoprosencephaly, thanatophoic dysplasia, achondroplasia, Schizencephaly, congenital infection.

Front 36

Fetal head has small BPD, small HC, small AC, sloping forehead. What’s the finding?

What is linked?

Back 36

Microcephaly.

Teratogens linked, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, congenital infection, rubella.

Front 37

Microcephaly is associated with?

Back 37

Schizencephaly, Holoprosencephaly, craniosynostosis, trisomy 13, 18, 21, triploidy, Meckel Gruber Syndrome.

Front 38

What is the characteristics of the meckel gruber syndrome?

Back 38

Triad includes encephalocele, polydactlyl, bilateral dysplastic cystic kidneys.

Front 39

What is the characteristics of the meckel gruber syndrome?

Back 39

Triad includes encephalocele, polydactlyl, bilateral dysplastic cystic kidneys.

Front 40

What is the biggest anomaly of face and neck?

Back 40

Cleft lip/ palate

Front 41

What is the characteristics of the meckel gruber syndrome?

Back 41

Triad includes encephalocele, polydactlyl, bilateral dysplastic cystic kidneys.

Front 42

What is the biggest anomaly of face and neck?

Back 42

Cleft lip/ palate

Front 43

Which plane to best visualize the orbits, nose, lips, tongue?

Which plane is the best to visualize orbit, nose, lip, maxilla, anterior portion of mandible?

Back 43

Axial

Coronal

Front 44

What is the clover leaf appearance suggest?

Back 44

Craniosynostosis

Front 45

This can be found anywhere on the fetal body and has internal blood flow?

These can be found on any organ. Vary in size, more echogenic that the placenta and homogenous. They are well defined, vascular. What’s this finding?

Which plane to best visual the lips?

Back 45

Teratoma.

Hemangioma.

Coronal plane

Front 46

What’s the common cause of macroglossia?

Back 46

Beckwith Weidman Syndrome

Front 47

What’s the common cause of macroglossia?

Back 47

Beckwith Weidman Syndrome

Front 48

Abnormal chin?

Single nostril finding called?

Finding includes hanging above the orbits or between the eye orbits?

Back 48

Micrognathia.

Cebocephaly

Proboscis

Front 49

What is interocular orbit?

What is binocular distance?

What’s ocular diameter?

Back 49

Interocular orbit is measurement of medial wall of one orbit to the other medial wall of other orbit.

Binocular distance: measurement between lateral orbital rims.

Ocular diameter is measurement from medial wall to lateral one orbit.

Front 50

If the third ventricle is identified what does this mean?

What’s the landmarks?

Back 50

Won’t see unless dilated.

Landmark: third ventricle is between the right and left thalamus.

Front 51

The BPD is at what level?

Back 51

The CSP, thalamus, third ventricle, lateral ventricles

Front 52

If you identify dangling choroid plexus this is associated to?

Back 52

Spina bifida, chromosomal abnormality- Trisomy 21: Down Syndrome.

Front 53

If there’s no other abnormalities identified with ventriculomegaly, this is isolated and can mean what?

What produces cerebrospinal fluid?

Landmarks of 4th ventricle?

Back 53

Congenital infection.

Choroid Plexus.

Between the brain stem and cerebellum.

Front 54

AFP levels peak at what gest age?

Cranial vault filled with fluid, partial falx, no cortex. No color in MCA. Absent cerebral hemispheres. What’s the finding?

Back 54

16-18 weeks.

Hydranencephaly.

Front 55

This connects two cerebral hemispheres?

Back 55

Corpus callosum

Front 56

This is noncommunicating hydrocephaly. Ventricular system can’t communicated without each other. What’s this finding?

Back 56

Aqueductal stenosis

Front 57

Defect of protrusion of meninges?

Closed defect- covered by hair or skin?

Commonly meninges and neural elements protrude via the defect?

Neural tube fails to close and meninges might protrude?

Back 57

Meningocele.

Closed defect: covered by hair or skin- spina bifida occulta.

Meningomyelocele.

Spina bifida.

Front 58

For neural tube pathology, Diabetes can cause?

Back 58

Sirenomelia, mermaid syndrome, or missing sacrum.

Front 59

Absent CSP, elevated third ventricle, interhemispheric cyst, what’s the finding?

Back 59

Agenesis of corpus callosum

Front 60

1. Simple: Tonsil herniation, 2. part of brain deformed- banana cerebellum. 3. Most complex; occipital encephalocele associated with hydrocephaly. What’s the finding?

Back 60

Arnold Chiari Malformation

Front 61

What’s the difference between communicating and noncommunicating?

Back 61

Communicating is when outside ventricular system.

Noncommunicating is when it’s inside the ventricular system.

Front 62

Increased Nuchal translucency, abnormal first trimester screen, abnormal quad screen, what could this be?

Back 62

Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome

Front 63

Increased Nuchal translucency, abnormal first trimester screen, abnormal quad screen, what could this be?

Back 63

Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome

Front 64

Clenched hands, rocker bottom feet, abnormal quad screen.

Back 64

Trisomy 18- Edwards Syndrome

Front 65

Increased Nuchal translucency, abnormal first trimester screen, abnormal quad screen, what could this be?

Back 65

Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome

Front 66

Clenched hands, rocker bottom feet, abnormal quad screen.

Back 66

Trisomy 18- Edwards Syndrome

Front 67

Hypotelorism, polydactyly, single umbilical artery?

Back 67

Trisomy 13- Patau Syndrome

Front 68

Increased Nuchal translucency, abnormal first trimester screen, abnormal quad screen, what could this be?

Back 68

Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome

Front 69

Clenched hands, rocker bottom feet, abnormal quad screen.

Back 69

Trisomy 18- Edwards Syndrome

Front 70

Hypotelorism, polydactyly, single umbilical artery?

Back 70

Trisomy 13- Patau Syndrome

Front 71

Fetal tachycardia identified, short femur, increased NT in 1st trimester?

Back 71

Turner Syndrome

Front 72

Fluid filled sac, but no embryo developed, what’s this finding?

Back 72

Pseudo Sac