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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Akh |
Who: When person dies, want to form an Akh |
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Ammit Who: female demon- alligator face, lion body, and hippopotamus legs/butt feared by the egyptian people |
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Akhet- horizen- represent sun set/rise and life and death Who: Egyptians waited for this |
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Absolute dating |
Absolute dating What: When scientists are able to give an estimated numerical age to artifacts. Unlike relative dating which just puts in order by early to latest. C14, ASTRONOMICAL DATING; SPECIFIC TYEAR IN A UNIVERSAL DATING SYSTEM |
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Abusir Abusir is a 5th dynasty necropolis. 7 pyramids can be founds here. The pyramids are smaller and built of low quality local limestone Where: near Memphis Who: deceased |
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Axial Design |
Temples were laid out axially ( on a straight line) This allowed as went back further it would get smaller and smaller. Usually laid out on East-West axis Who: architects Where: neocropolis, temples When: throughout history significance: sun rises in Pylon Gateway- signifying life and set on other side- death. Got smaller- earth and sky could meet each other and bring human and divine world into contact in the inner sanctuary |
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Amun Local Deity of Thebes (thebian triad). Two feathers/plumes on head. Old kingdom and on What: god of air/ invisibility Where: Thebes Showed the element of air/invisibility (HIDDENNESS, UNSEEN |
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Belzoni Archeologist in the 1778-1823. Wife made tribute to him Where: From Italy When 1800's |
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Canopic Jar 4 sons of horus Egyptian history Tomb/ Egypt Stored organs of deceased and protect them so can use in afterlife |
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Isis What: Goddess of health, marriage and love. Mother of Horus and wife of Osiris (falcon headed deity) Part of Heliopolitan Cosmogony- Heliopolis Where: Abydos when: Egyptian history |
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Book of the Dead What: Ancient Egyptian funerary text. When: From around New Kingdon (1550 BCE) has different religious and magical text. Many long vertical papyrus- vignette pieces Who: priests Where: tombs/temples |
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composite Art |
Composite Art Artists What:Composed of many different features all into one picture. Build up the picture made up of many individual parts. Objects drawn according to most recognized aspects and put into one image. Where: Temples, monuments, tombs when: throughout egyptian history |
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Conceptual Art |
Conceptual Art What: Not Perceptual (where draw as you see it in 3 dimensions) but rather drawing the subjects by what important characteristics/fuctions they have. ex chair: both top and side are important so it will show both Who: artists When: though out history Where: tombs, temples, monuments |
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Khufu |
Khufu/Cheops Who: Pharaoh of 4th dynasty. What:created the commission of the Great Pyramid When: 4th pyramid Where: Giza/memphis |
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Bes Who: Household God worshipped as the protector of households and mothers, children, and child birth. What: Protected against evil When: New Kingdom Where: Households of Egypt |
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Beautiful Feast of the Valley |
Ancient Egyptian festival Where: celebrated annually in Thebes When: Middle Kingdom period and later. What: Celebrates the dead. Led by Amun: sun rising (life) and sun setting (dead) joyous celebration. Who: people of thebes |
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Giza Pyramids When: Fourth dynasty What: made true pyramids. Started with red pyramid which set prototype Who: for Pharaohs and royalty Where: Giza |
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Cult Temple What:Temples where cults and rituals are performed to Gods. Ex. Cult temple of Luxor and Horus. Where: major necropolis's in Egypt When: throughout Egyptian history Who: priests and Pharaoh |
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Duat |
Duat Who: deceased What: Realm of death. Where Osiris resides. This is where peoples souls go after death for judgement. Not the full extent of afterlife. Burial chambers represent touching points between Duat and real world Where: underworld When: time of death |
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Canon of Proportions Who :artists What: Whenever the Ancient Egyptian artists sculptured, inscribed or painted figures, their proportions would be determined by a canon of proportions- used a grid system to measure the height of body in proportion to head and hair When: Throughout history Where: temples, monuments tombs/temples |
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Who: Champollion 1790-1832 Where: Rosetta When: 1800's |
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Coffin Texts |
Coffin Texts Who: deceased When 1st intermediate period Where: tombs/coffins What: Collection of ancient Egyptian funerary spells written on coffins beginning in the first intermediate period |
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Khafre |
Who: Khafre/Chephren What: Pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. Son of Khufu Where:Memphis When: 4th Dynasty |
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Hapi What: One of the four sons of Horus, God of the annual flooding of nile-shows fertility of the nile Where: Elephantine When:Egyptian history |
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4 Cardinal Points |
What: Cosmic space was bounded by four cardinal points- East: sun rises, west- sun sets, south- source of nice north- location of polar star. Who: egyptian people When: throughout history Where: Egypt Significance: divine order to prevent chaos
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Circumpolar Stars |
Circumpolar Stars What: The stars orbit the North star and never dipped below the horizon making them called the "imperishable ones" Who: Egyptians When: throughout history Where: Egypt |
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Coptic What: Latest stage of language When: 2nd- 13 centuries Where: Egypt Who: scribes
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Who: Horus Where: Nekhen When: through out egyptian history What: God worshiped from the dynastic period. God of vengeance, sky, protection, and war. God of the Living King- over the entire unified egypt |
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Demotic Who: scribes What:Language used right before Coptic. When: Appears at about 600 BCE and used into christian times Where: legal and other types of documents |
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What: Double Crown Who: Pharaoh and also some Gods When: After unification of egypt Where: Temples and tombs Red and White crown together (red-lower egypt white-upper egypt) Named Pschent |
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Dualism |
What: Dualism Duality of opposites-shown in art work Who: Egyptians Where: throughout egypt, and shown on tombs, and in architecture When: throughout history |
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False Door When: old kingdom Where: Tombs Who: architects/for deceased What: Make fake doors on tombs- usually out of stone inscribed with offerings usually found on west wall of funerary chapel or offering chamber |
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Ma'at What: law/justice and truth Goddess of truth and justice uses feather for weighing of the hearts Divine order- want to establish this Where: Everywhere in Egypt When: Throughout history Significance- created lots of cults and rituals to maintain order- prevents chaos! Also to test the sin of dead |
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djed pillar. When: New kingdom What: Pillar symbol in hieroglyphics associated with the creator god Ptah and Osiris (god of afterlife). Usually represents their spine. Where: in Tombs Who: Ptah and Osiris are associated with it Significance: stability and Osiris's triumph over Set. |
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Determinative |
What: Part of hieroglyphs: An ideogram used to mark semantic categories or words. Where: Tombs, documents Who: scribes, artists When: Egyptian history Significance: they were symbols, people, body parts, animals, plants, books etc which helped in reading but they were never pronounced |
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Imhotep |
Who: Architect of step pyramid What: first to construct out of stone, physicians and priest. When:3rd dynasty Where: Saqqara significance: built first pyramid tomb that led to a standard of burial for kings |
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Manetho: Egyptian historian and Priest from Sebennytos. When: Lived during Ptolemaic era. What: Wrote Aegyptiaca- history of egypt. Where:Egypt Significance: him his book he recorded the chronology of reigns of pharaohs and helps Egyptologists interpret their findings to events, culture, and specific dynasties. |
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Ka: Part of soul that leaves the body after death. Who: Deceased When: Where: Tombs What: Ka: Born with person person- the effective personality- the self life force spirit (picture of formation of the ka- two identical humans are formed by Khnum Need ka statue so the spirit can live there and be protected as body travels to Duat for immortality. Significance: need to take care of it for immortality thus proper burial is necessary. It is a way for dead to interact with the living Ka can leave mummy to get food and drink and offerings to help dead reach Akh and a good afterlife, Egyptians believed that after they died, their ka would continue to live as they had lived on earth in the afterlife. It would enjoy the same activities the individual had enjoyed on earth |
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Description de L'Egypt
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What: Book created on findings after French expedition Who: Napoleon When: 1800's Where: Egypt significance marked the beginning of serious study of Egyptian antiquities and birth of modern egyptiology |
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What: Ennead: group of 9 main gods in Egypt history in Heliopolitan Cosmogony. Who: Amun, Ged, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth, Nephthys, shu, Tefnut Significance: lips of Ptah also shows how the earth was made and the need for ritual to prevent chaos |
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Elephantine |
Where: Island in Nile in Northern Nubia. What:Excellent defensive site for city. Stood just before the 1st cataract and marked southern border of Egypt. Where: 3rd dynasty Who: Khnum significance: dwelling place of Khnum who controlled the waters of the nile. There are now records of a temple for Khnum here (3rd dynasty) |
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Horus Name |
What: Horus name- one of 5 pharaohs name, written in serekh When: Middle Kingdom Where: Throughout egypt/ tombs/temples Who: pharaohs Significance: names are incredibly important. Need your name/title to reach afterlife so this allows pharaoh to have full title. Shows king as earthly embodiment of Horus (God) |
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Who: Geb What: God of earth- often shown with nut over him. Heliopolitan Cosmogony Where: All over egypt- heliopolis When: though out history Significance: created the earth in balance which the egyptians now live on and off of |
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Who: Four Sons of Horus: What: * Imsety in human form, protected the liver and was protected by his aunt Isis. Where: Tombs When: at time of death |
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What: Fields of Iaru: heavenly paradise where Osiris ruled. Described as the ka of the Nile Delta. Where: Underworld When: death Who: deceased Significance: all the rituals, living a good holy life, and burial ceremonies were to reach this. IT would ensure a long peaceful life. Where you want to get to in afterlife (heart needs to weigh exactly the same as ma'at's feather. |
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Frontality |
What: Frontality: Figures are rigid and look straight ahead When: throughout history Where: monuments Who: artists significance- egypians liked to show objects by their most identifying feature so by showing straight ahead gives the same effect. Statues and art were not created for decoration. Ther are for active roles in cule and rituals to have spirits manifest themselves in. Looking forward allows interaction with living person |
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French Expedition |
What: French Expedition- Who: Napoleon led expedition in When: 1798-99, measured the sphinx and investigated other sites. Where: egypt Significance- Marked the origin of modern Egyptology led to the book Description de L’egypt which started serious studying of egypt |
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Giza |
What: city located on west bank of nile at the bottom point of delta. Unified under NArmer. Known for it's monuments such as the pyramids of Giza. Who: Pharaohs When: Dynasty 4 Where: Giza significance: has many historical monuments for egyptologists to look at and figure out more about the culture. Also shows strong leadership and successfulness. |
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ground line |
Ground line: Who: artists What: All images were placed in order unless wanted to show chaos. Used a system of registers. Ground lines marker the lower border of a register Where: tombs, temples When: Throughout egyptian history significant: put pictures in order. Showed images stacked above each other showing what was behind while still keeping order and balance |
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Heb-sed (Sed) Jubilee
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What: Heb-sed Jubilee: celebration for king, before this King has no powers but after he has define powers and can now be Pharaoh. Who: Pharaoh Where: Egypt When: Dynasty 1 Significance: gives Kings divinity and brought stability to Egyptian civilization |
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What: Heart Scarab: in oval/heart shape-made from stone and inscribed with spells. Who: Deceased Where: On mummified bodies When: Death/burial Significance: to magically keep the heart from blabbing about transgressions during the weighing of the heart ceremony-this allows to pass test to keep on journey |
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Hieratic: second type of language- looks like cursive hieroglyphs-3200 BCE, most common script in the old kingdom and middle kingdom, written from right to left in rows or columns, significance- easier to write/draw-used for private and administrative documents- used for religious Old kingdom Egypt Scribes Script version- faster |
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Kemet |
What: Another name for egypt/ egyptian Who: Egyptians When: egyptian history Where: egypt Why: Name egyptians called themselves |
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What: Heliopolitan Cosmogony: All created from Atum (sun god)- made air (shu) and moisture (tefnut) who both made geb (earth) and Nut (sky) who made Osiris, isis, seth and Nephthys -myth of creation Who: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Seth, Nephthys (usually Geb, Nut, and Shu) Where: Heliopolis When: Egyptian history significance: made order of the world and humans out of a mound of chaos- Nut blocks the watery chaos from surroundings to come to earth- showed how earth was created |
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Hermopolitan Cosmogony: Ogdoad: 8 gods in four pairs, males are frogs and females are snakes. Represent Primeval waters, infinity, darkness, hiddenness and unseen air/wind (amun). They are Gods of Chaos within nun Who: Where: Hermopolis When: Egyptian History significance: shows how order of world was created out of chaos and represents the first acts of creation-during third intermediate period |
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Hieroglyphic-earliest starting of writing from 3200 BCE. Showed with pictures. What it describes is the picture itself, can be read in many ways, usually read into the face or down columns significance: earliest form of writing, used the longest-until the 4th century. Used for formal writing mainly for religious monuments and commemorative texts. For monuments of eternity. No standard spelling but was greatly influenced by Egyptian art so formed symmetry |
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Ka Priests- do the opening of the mouth ceremony- significance: must get ritual perfectly to enable ka to live in statue while body is being mummified. Provides it protection and important to reach immortality |
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Ba- non-corporeal part of body that is needed to form to an akh after death. Represented as Ba bird. Manifestation of the king’s power-individuals personality- holds the active and creative powers and skills of deceased . Can leave the tomb- move among the living and take any shape- lived in the tomb and returned to the mummy at night. Significance: Allows for immortality. Gives the dead an immortal life in the physical world also |
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Ideogram |
a written character that symbolizes an idea of a thing without indicating how to say it ex. Hieroglyphs significance: hieroglyphs were made up of all of this. Gave context to writing and engravings on monuments |
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symmetry |
Symmetry: Identical on one side and another- significance: shows order and most importantly balance- earth is at balance |
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Turin Canon: Egyptian hieratic papyrus from Pharaoh Ramesses II (New Kingdom). Significance: most extensive list of kings made by the egyptians. IT is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II- really difficult to do without because so many names |
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Nut- goddess of sky (heliopolitan cosmogony). She is pictured over Nut, made Osiris isis seth and Nephthyssignificance : Sky protects from outside chaos- barrier to Nu (primevil waters) |
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Ka statue- When you die, have a statue for your ka to live in. Opening of the mouth ceremony significance: to protect Ka while not in body also so it can live in mortal world |
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Cartouche: (started in the fourth Dynasty) hieroglyphs- is an oval with horizontal line at one end- Significance: indicates the text enclosed is a royal name, often the throne name and Son of Ra titulary of the pharaoh is in here |
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Kha-em-waset |
Prince- fourth son of Ramesses II Significance: known as the first egyptologist because he made efforts to identify and restore historic buildings, tombs, and temples |
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letters to the dead |
Would write letters to dead (dead could influence life of the living positively and negatively) to get help. Significance: way to communicate with dead to have them look over you |
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Nu/nun |
Nu/Nun: Primeval or cosmic waters (watery chaos) significance: before Gods formed world was in chaos |
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Memphite Cosmogony |
Memphite Cosmogony: ptah as creator god. Life comes from Ptahs heart and tongue. Within Ptah series of Gods who carried out his ideas and commands ex Atum- teeth of ptah, ennead- lips of ptah significance: created from one god made up of many gods,created order in the natural world |
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Mariette |
Mariette: Person- appointed head of newly created Egyptian service of Antiquities: from 1858-1880 significance: created first national service of antiquities, created first national nuseum, cause the birth of a conscience about exporting antiquities from their country of origin |
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Mummification |
Mummification: Where: took place in the hall of embalming. What: Intended to prevent decay and preserve the body forever. Began in the predynastic times. 1. Remove all moisture from body to prevent decay (natron) 2. Remove viscera and keep in canopic jars 3. After 70 days in natron- wrap body and put amulets on it. When: pre-dynastic- throughout egyptian history who: deceased Significance: Can bring everything with you so need to preserve body to have it in afterlife and need to preserve- all things function from |
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Seth- chaos God (heliopolitan cosmogony)- What: Represents red land-desert Where: desert, Ombos When: throughout ancient history significance: when pictured with Horus- shows duality, often seeing tying ole together- Sema Tawy- unification of the two lands or putting hands on king- King shows unity |
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Middle egyptian |
Middle egyptian: area between Memphis and assiut significance: majority of Egypt and the only fertile land was in the nile river valley |
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Mortuary temple- temple for the dead- second type of temple Who: dead When: throughout ancient egypt history Where: temple significance: represented house of gods, place for necessary ritual action to keep dead immortal, symbolically shows the world at creation |
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Memphis |
city: Capital of Ancient Egypt. Reached peak in When: 6th dynasty-center of worship of Ptah. many monuments Who: Ptah, Pharaoh, egyptians significance: showed central power of Egypt/unification and powerful/strength of the city and leaders through monuments and temple of Ptah |
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Saqqara |
Saqqara- necropolis of Memphislocation of Djoser step pyramid- old kingdom Who: deceased/ deceased pharoahs When: old Kingdom significance: religious site, vast ancient burial ground- set context and level for proper burials (afterlife important) |
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Serekh- hieroglyphs- rectangular enclosure representing the niched or gated facade of a palace. Horus Falcon on it- indicates that text is a royal name. Significance: earliest convention to set apart royal name- appeared 4-5 dynasties before cartouche- Name is super super important (especially for king) to get into afterlife |
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Napoleon Bonaparte French Military and political leader. Led expedition to egypt in 1798-99. where they measured monuments and drew pictures of it. Significance:made description de l'egypte. which marked the beginning of serious study of egyptian antiquities and birth of modern egyptology |
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Narmer Palette- shield shape palette made out of stone. Carvings and engravings in it- used not just Egyptian art but other types (mesopotania)-used for makeup Significance: Unification of North and South because the King wears the white crown on one side and the red crown on the other side- also represents the victory of a God incarnate over the forces of chaos and disorder Dynasty 0-1 Hierakonpolis King Narmer |
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NEphthys- Sister to Isis married to Seth significance: represents clone of Isis often shown together |
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Natron: Salt used to dehydrate the body and organs of deceased put in 70 days. Significance: allowed body to be preserved because it prevents pests and decay. |
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Ptah: Creator God of Memphis, part of the Memphite Triad significance: shows how the world was created from chaos. All powerful God made up of little Gods. Holds Staff. Believed that all life comes from Ptah’s heart and tongue |
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Negative Confession |
42 negative confessions or laws of Ma'at. Purpose of ma'at (law justice truth) is to divert chaos. 42 divine principles of Ma'at that you must follow. Significance: to divert chaos and to follow the laws of Ma'at. Important for weighing of the heart and to get into afterlife. |
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Nome/Nomarch |
Nome: subnational administrative division of ancient Egypt. (Predynastic period it started). Started as city-states and then began to unify under Menes Significance: brought order after unification to these areas- can have local rulers-stability Nomarch:head of each Nome-hereditary or appointed by pharaoh significance: brought more stability by having local and centralized government |
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Step Pyramid: not true pyramid- has levels to form into triangle, First one made was for Dosjer, little interior space Significance: makes new tradition of royal pyramids, shows the immense power of the king, sets patteren for royal burial, made of stone- marked translation from mortal to immortal and impermanent to permanent |
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Ogdoad: 8 deities in 4 pairs which represent Gods of Chaos-creator gods within nun-hermopolitan cosmogony significance: shows how the world was created from 8 gods of chaos within nun (primeval waters) |
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Reisner America archaeologist (1867-1942) Led Hearst expedition Created list of egyptian viceroys of Kush and found tomb of queen HetepheresI. Significance: developed a new archaeological technique which became a standard- combines methods of Petrie and Dorpfeld and Koldewey 1900's worked at cal escavated obj now in hearst museum, interested in egyptian daily life |
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Opening of Mouth Ritual: ceremony after death that allows Ka to live in Ka statue- priest in Anubis mask usually in picture significance: need Ka to live somewhere before body mummified- allows interaction with living- take in offerings |
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Obelisk: stone pillar placed in pairs at the entrance of temples. Name came from greek Herodotus. Significance: symbolized the sun god Ra. Also thought god existed within the structure |
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Two Ladies Name |
Also known as nebty name. First used in first dynasty. Not framed by cartouche or serekh but always begins with vulture (Nekbet) and cobra (wadjet) resting on two baskets. significance: part of titulary of kings name (super important to have name) and it protects the king (goddesses looking over him) |
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Palermo Stone-old kingdom, inscribed with annals of selected kings of the first five dynasties. Significance: gives order of kings with major events in each of their reigns |
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Gateway to the inner part of an Ancient Egyptian temple. Consists of two towers joined by a less elevated section which enclosed the entrance.Significance: mirrored the horizon (akhet) where sun rise and set (life and feather) temple was a place of rebirth and this showed that. Also often had king beating- shows Kings control of chaos and enemies |
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Perceptual Art- uses conventions of perspective and wanting to create illusion of three dimensions. Shown from viewpoint of artist significance: shows realistically but doesn’t show important aspects of the object so may be hard to identify |
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Petrie-1853-1942-father of scientific archaeology and first holder of Edwards chair of Egyptology at University college London. Significance: established priniciples used today- cross-dating, synchronisms, using undecorated pottery as a chronometer, archaeological stratigraphy, importance of context, importance of mundane items |
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Pharaoh |
Pharaoh- term for king, part human and part divine started in Early dynastic period. Ruler of Egypt significance: interface between gods and men |
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Herodotus- distinguished classical writer that wrote a lot about Egypt significance: marks beginning of the Wests fascination with the work of the pharaohs |
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Re: God of the sun and creator god. Rose from ocean of chaos and created himself and then eight other gods. Travel across the sky and at night go to underworld where he was reborn to start new day (5th dynasty) Significance: all forms of life were believed to have come from him. Sunlight shows life and death and the coming each day-rebirth. Humans formed from Re's tears and seat |
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Pyramid Texts |
Collection of Ancient Egyptian religious texts. (from old kingdom and on) Carved on the walls of pyramids. Many are spells to protect the pharaohs remains to help him get into the afterlife. Significance: show more about religion and spells. Oldest known religious texts |
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Pliny the Elder Roman author, naturalist, philosopher Significance: started speculation that pyramids were treasure houses which led to robbers invading and taking ton of it. (23AD-79AD) |
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Relative Dating |
Relative dating- put in order chronologically but not given an actual number significance: easy way to order things by time by looking at artistic design and other features of the artifact- quicker |
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Abydos |
Abydos- city, temples that have lead to major Egyptian historical source significance: king list to help figure out order of kings |
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Rosetta Stone- stone with translation of hieroglyphs, greek, demotic: allowed the interpretation of Egyptian writing and hieroglyphs Ptolemy V 196 BCE Rosetta Egypt |
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Menkare/Mycerinus |
King during first Intermediate period. On Abydos King List (4th dynasty) Significance: pyramid tomb at Giza- he had beautiful statue triads showing the kind together with goddesses and his wife |
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Sothic Cycle |
Sothic Cycle- important for Astronomical dating, Stars rotate in continues cycle (except circumpolar stars) the rising of Sirius coincided with beginning of Egyptian civil calendar year once every 1,460 years=Sothic cycle significance: allows for absolute dating |
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Shabako Stone- part of Memphite cosmogony-detailed and transcription of the cosmogony significance: led to interpretation of how Memphis thought the world was created |
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Menes |
Pharaoh of Early dynastic period. Significance: said to have united upper and lower egypt |
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Shen Ring: started in Third dynasty-represents eternal protection. In elongated form is is the cartouch- encloses a royal name. Most often seen carried by Horus, sign of circumcision Significance: Shows everything that king rules: he rules all that the sun encircles |
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Sema tawy: Motif often shown in art through binding usually horus and seth. Shows the binding of the two lands (unity) |
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Son of Re Name |
Personal name given at birth was preceded by this title (son of re) shown as a duck next to a circle (sun) significance: part of naming for pharaohs which is really important. Shows the identity of the pharaoh- this is important aspect of names that allows access into heaven- need to have identity |
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Ushabti: (originated in the old kingdom)funerary figurine. Placed in tombs among the grave goods and were intended to act as servants or minions for the deceased. |
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Taweret- protective ancient egyptian goddess of childbirth and fertility. Household deity worshipped throughout Egypt. Significance- child birth is extremely dangerous for child and mother- high mortality rates- lots of birth because so many died |
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Opet Festival |
Festival celebrated annually in thebes during New Kingdom and later. Brought out statues of thebian triad and given tons of offerings. Journey back by boat to Karnak. Celebrated during Akhet-flooding season of the Nile (second month) Significance: brought statues out to make ritual journey from their shrines at karnak to Temple of Luxor (by boat)-to give pharaoh the God's (Amun) powers to show he has the right to rule- renewal of land, pharaoh, and gods |
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Thoth- God of Knowledge, Hieroglyphs and Wisdom, associated with the moon Hermopolis cult (also seen with baboon head) Significance: helped maintain order in world and stood on one side of Ra's boat with wife Ma'at on other side, creator God of other 8 gods and world (also the tongue of Ptah) |
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Wadjet Eye: Eye of goddess wadjet (local deity) which later represented the left eye of Horus which he lost in battle with seth. The symbol was frequently used as an amulet to ensure the safety and health of the bearer and provide wisdom and prosperity Signifies protection, royal power and good health |
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Weighing of the Heart: takes place in the Duat. To get to afterlife (fields of Ianu) need to have heart weigh the same as the feather of Ma'at. If it does shows have a good life if it doesn't shows led life of sin. Significance: made people do whats right and follow ritual and cult (even for burial) so they can keep on good side of Gods so they can keep on their journey to afterlife |
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Horus-Seth Serekh: Boxes with name of king in it with Horus (bird) and seth(dog like). Dynasty 2 kings Abydos Dynasty 2 Shows political struggles and turmoil and the consolidation in dynasty 2 |
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Uraeus: Cobra that shows sovereignty, royalty, deity and divine. Often put on crown (Uraeus) of pharaoh to signify his godly powers as a human. old kingdom and on Also the symbol for goddess wadjet (local god) |
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Den: Pharaoh in 2970 BCE, Dynasty 1. Significance: first to use title of King of Lower and Upper Egypt. Also brought prosperity and numerous innovations. Found information on tag talking about Heb Sed Royal Jubilee |
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Maadi-Buto Culture |
Lower Egypt: poorly known, mainly from settlements (prehistoric)- location: across nile river from Giza pyramids. Found post hole structures, large rectangular possibly public structures, subterranean structures. Trade depot for copper trade, limited grave goods, chalcolithic Beersheva style pottery, d-ware pottery |
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Palace Facade- decorating motif that imitated the alternating bays and buttresses of early mud brick palaces significance: mesopotamia motif found in Egyptian architecture- shows they had interactions/trade going on. Also shows how take ideas from others but make it into their own tombs/temples predynastic shows mesopotamia motifs in architecture |
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Pepi II Pyramid- 6th dynasty- true pyramid significance: shows power and riches he had. Burial chamber protects a blackgranite sarcophagus . Also has pyramid texts-to assure the ascension of a pharaoh's soul- small even though he had a long reign |
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human sacrifice |
(first dynasty only)-died out- Retainer sacrifice- would have servants killed after pharaohs death significance: they can continue to serve him in the afterlife |
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Khnum-God of creation, rebirth and the waters (nile river) Significance: though to be the creator of the bodies of human children which he made at a potters wheel from clay and placed in wombs. Not many human creation myths so this is really important and he must be important |
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Naqada |
City in ancient Egypt (upper) Significance: before dynastic era it formed a distinct culture starting here in Naqada I and then spreading. Shows movement from simple to complex and how typical egyptian culture was formed |
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Dynasty 0 |
Protodynastic period in Egypt. Marked by political developments. Shown by kings being buried at Abydos and labels with writing from cemetery COMMEMORATIVE OBJECTS. DEVEL0P FROM PREDYNASTIC PROTOTYPES; CONTENT & STYLE INDICATE EGYPTIANS CODIFYING TRADITIONS IN PROTODYNASTIC. REFLECT DEVELOPMENT OF A HOMOGENEOUS INTELLECTUAL TRADITION THAT INCLUDES HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING, A FORMAL COMMEMORATIVE ART, A CONCEPT OF ORDER RULING CHAOS, AND A BASIC ICONOGRAPHY OF KINGSHIP & RULE |
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Tomb found at Abydos, IMPORTED CANAANITE POTS IN SITU IN TOMB U-j AT ABYDOS Possible royal emblem and writing on objects Significance: Tomb found in a royal cemetery signifying political change. Also belonged to Scorpion I and his belongings gave insights into egyptian art and culture during this time. Also shows the earliest evidence of writing |
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Naqada I |
Upper Egypt: 4000-3500 BCE. Known mostly for burials (circular or oval pits in ground), c-ware and black topped red ware, mace heads, palletes Significance: first painted pottery and specific burials and artifacts that showed new procession of cultural movement |
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Naqada II |
3500 BCE-3300BCE More cultural complexity and sophistication. Major increases in social stratification, social complexity, and general wealth. D-ware, cosmetic palettes, use of Gold on pots. By end of Naqada II- material culture found in both upper and lower egypt. Significance: suggests a takeover of north by south, more unified, also society is getting more complex socially, artistically, and politically. |
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Naqada III |
Dynasty 0-Abydos is the most important site. Single protodynastic material culture in all of egypt. Direct continuation of Gerzeam. Possibly already politically united (north and south) this is a formative period of the Egyptian state. Pottery continues to be the sames. Palettes are now shield shape and often not used for functional purpose Significance: workmanship has reached new heights. Egypt as entire country is identified with unified culture, lines of animals show ground lines. shows relations with Mesopotamia (same motifs) |
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Naqada Culture |
Made up of three stages: I,II, III see those slides for more info. Major cities: NAqada, Abydos, Hierakonpolis Significance: showed the transition of the Pre-dynastic era into culturally, politically, and artistically society. Also showed the interactions and influences of upper and lower egypt and the unification. |
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D-ware - marker of Naqada II period. White background with red lines. motifs: boats- resemble nome standards, naqada plant, etc. Also showed human and divine figures Significance: easy identifying feature of naqada II so can help relate other artifacts to same time period. Also it shows the artistic changes during this time and the important values of culture |
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Funerary Fort |
Mortuary temple deceased For priests and relatives to make offerings and perform rituals All throughout ancient Egyptian history Place to perform the necessary rituals for loved ones to reach afterlife |
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Serpopard: image found in mesopotamia that the egyptians adopted and used. often found on palettes, pots, and other means of artwork. Significance: egyptians were in contact with Mesopotania- this can imply trading |
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C-ware |
WARE OR WHITE CROSS LINE WARE IS THE FIRST PAINTED POTTERY IN EGYPT & A HORIZON MARKER OF NAQADA I |
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Sun temple Old kingdom Created by Pharaohs Abusir mainly During this time temples were created by pharaohs which showed devotion to the sun God who represented life. |
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Ben-Ben Stone: Old Kingdom:Ben-ben was a mound that arose from the primordial waters (Nu). The Ben-Ben stone is the top stone of a pyramid or also in the temple of Re. It is placed in the location where the first rays of sun fell. Thought to have been the prototype or obelisks and capstones of pyramids. Significance: tombs often represented cosmos so, The Benben Stone was believed to be the beacon for the mythical Bennu Bird, a phoenix-like bird with beautiful red and golden feathers that sheltered in the Tree of Life, at Heliopolis. According to ancient Egyptian mythology the sacred Benben Stone emerged from the primeval waters at the beginning of creation and symbolized the Primeval mound. |
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Unas pyramid- located in saqqara. Made in the 5th dynasty. today it is pretty ruined, Found pyramid texts. Significance: Unas was the first pharaoh to include pyramid texts and having many magical spells inscribed on walls as well. Shows the importance it was for pharaohs to reach the afterlife. Concept was thought to be very successful and many other pharaohs did same thing |
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Mereruka |
6th dynasty. Most powerful officials. Held the many titles including Vizier which made him the most powerful person besides the king. Significance: because he was so important his mastaba (in saqqara) is one of the largest for a person not being royalty. This shows that having a high status and wealth will influence the size of burial |
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Ti |
An official-served Memphis 5th dynasty Married Kakai's daughter Tomb is famous- shows elaborate depictions of daily life and mortuary legends. Tomb located in saqqara
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Canonical Pyramid Layout |
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Mastaba for dead Type of Egyptian tomb with flat roof and outward sloping sides Early dynastic/old kingdom-became used for non-royalty once pyramids Earliest is in Saqqara Way to protect the dead and give them proper burial for afterlife |
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Blue crown-also known as the war crown (Khepresh) New Kingdom pharaohs wore it Found through-out Egypt Often showed in war scenes- so initially thought it was a war crown- might not be true- either way signifies the pharaoh |
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Osiris God of underworld and rebirth Egyptian History Abydos Representation of deceased king, reason why proper burial and mummification is needed because need to have rebirth into immortality and the afterlife |
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white crown Pharaohs of upper egypt Seen before unification of egypt in Upper Egypt Signifies Pharaohs of upper egypt in hieroglyphs and other pictures/portraits. Suggests that Egypt is not unified |
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Red Crown Pharaohs of lower egypt Seen before unification of egypt- also in pictures after but usually with white crown after unification Lower Egypt Signifies Pharaohs of lower egypt in hieroglyphs and other pictures. Suggests that Egypt is not unified |
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Nisu Bity Name |
One of five names that is in the Cartouche. Nisu (sedge) Bity (bee) which represent upper and lower Egypt. Throne name- shows king is ruling over upper and lower Egypt also That the king is divine and that he is the intermediary between Gods and humans |
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Nemes Headdress piece of cloth worn over wig held in place by band with Uraeus on it blue and gold striped Pharaohs 1st dynasty Through-out egypt Symbolizes the pharaohs power and gives him protection (Uraeus) |
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Shut |
The feather- symbol of Ma'at Symbol of Shu (Egyptian god of air)- often shown wearing feather in hair Egyptian history In egypt/in tomb/temples Used in the weighing of the heart- has to either be equal or lighter in weight to go into after life
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You can take it with you |
Philosophy of Egyptians At time of death egyptians/ deceased tomb Believed that everything in their tomb they would be able to have in afterlife. Life on earth was so good- wanted to take with. Led to many rituals and mummification to allow dead to get offerings and interact with living |
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Offering Formula/prayer Offering stela Wepemnofret Old kingdom/dynasty 4 found in Giza Lists everything that he will take with him and provides an autobiography of him |
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Niche stone |
Niche stone |
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Great Pyramid Giza Pharaoh Khufu Old Kingdom-4th dynasty True pyramid- Burial chamber for Pharaoh for proper journey for afterlife |
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Faience Material made from quarts covered with vitreous coating making it appear blue/green Artists use Seen in art of small objects/statues and as tiles in tombs Throughout Egyptian history Way to decorate artwork and tiles- makes really formal- expensive decoration |
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Heliacal Rising of Sothis |
Rising of Sirius Egypt Egyptian history Egyptians Lunar cycle was off so use this as a marking of when need to add an extra month- event occurs at the same time every 1,460 years |
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Djoser |
Djoser: 3rd dynasty pharaoh. Ruled for 19 yearsOld kingdom- made first step pyramid significance: changed burials from now on (royal pyramids) statue with mine on Rekhyt birds and nine bows- his is incharge and has control over all of Egypt and their enemies- powerful King |
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Pesesh-kef Knife |
5000 BC Flint knife in shape of fish tail used to open mouth of Ka statue In Tombs Deceased and loved ones Because of the importance of rebirth in the Egyptian religion, a stylized knife with magical properties became part of the equipment for the "opening of the mouth" ceremony to permit a mummy to partake of nourishment in the afterlife. It also became the emblem of the birth goddess, Meskhenet |
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Weighing of the hearts |
Deceased, Anubis, Thoth, Ammit, Ma'at Tomb Egyptian history need to be equal or less to continue on to afterlife- time of judgement
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