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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the PNS derived from?
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Neural crest
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Where are neurons and glia cells of the CNS derived?
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Neural Tube
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Which cells maintain mitotic capability?
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Glial Cells
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What are 3 types of neurons?
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Unipolar (pseudounipolar): embryonic
Bipolar (retina) Multipolar (most common) |
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The lateral sural cutaneous nerve and the sural communicating nerve come from the...
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common fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4-L2)
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Term used to describe the area of the gray matter in the spinal cord between the cell bodies?
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Neuropil
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Large aggregations of cell bodies; little mylenated material.
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Gray Matter (butterfly shape in spinal cord)
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Does the CNS have CT?
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no
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Where are microtubules located?
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Axons
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Where are intermediate filaments found?
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axon terminals and some in cell body
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Where is actin found?
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growing axons
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RER is contained to what?
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Cell Body
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What provides receptive areas for receipt of input?
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Dendrites
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What sends information via a synapse?
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Axons
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What covers the axon?
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Glial and CT
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Parallel arrays of microtubules are found in what?
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axons
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Where do dyneins move materials?
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Back towards cell body
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The slow component of the axon travel in what direction?
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Only in orthograde direction
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Kinesins move materials in which direction?
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Orthograde
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How do toxins/viruses get into the CNS?
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Rabies virus in retrograde transport
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Where does the fast component of axonal transport occur?
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Microtubules (Kinesin and Dyenin)
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Kinesins and Dyneins are both fast, but which is faster?
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Kinesins
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Where are microglia cells derived from?
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Monocytes
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What mylenates axons in the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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What have extensive cell processes and end on blood vessels?
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Astrocytes
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What may help to induce formation of tight junctions --> blood brain barrier?
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Astrocytes
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Which regulate ion concentrations?
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Astrocytes
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The proliferation of what forms scar tissue?
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Astrocytes
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Scar Formation
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Gliosis
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Which cell has a major phagocytosis function?
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Microglia
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What line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain?
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Ependymal Cells
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The cilia of what help move the CSF
Transport of substances from CSF into brain and secretion into ventricles? |
Ependymal Cells
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What is the only epithelium in the body that lacks a basement membrane?
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Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium that is ciliated of the ependymal cells
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What covers the choroid plexus what what is it made up of?
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Choroidal epithelium, Ependymal Cells
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What secrete CSF?
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Ependymal Cells
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Epineurium, Perineurium and Endoneurium
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CT Coverings of the nerves in the PNS
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What type of PNS tissue looks like a bicycle rim?
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Perineurium
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What is associated with lots of adipose tissue?
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Epineurium
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C-Fibers
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Unmyelinated Nerves (PNS)
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What is myelin composed of?
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80% lipid, 20% protein
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Where are the highest concentrations of Na channels?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Which fibers are mylenated?
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A and B
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What are artifacts of imperfect wrapping of the myelin sheath?
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Clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman
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What is the outermost layer of the myelin sheath?
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Neurolema
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Are unmyelinated fibers in the CNS associated with glial cells?
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No
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What are the cells that mylenate in the PNS and CNS?
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Schwann(PNS) cell and oligodendrocyte (CNS)
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Sensory Ganglia
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Dorsal Root Ganglia
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Are there synapses in sensory ganglia?
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NO
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Satellite Cells
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Capsule Cells (PNS)- nutritional needs
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Are there synapses in automnomic galglia?
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YES
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In which ganglia is the nucleus almost falling out of the cell?
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Autonomic Ganglia
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What type of degeneration occurs distally to the injury?
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Wallerian (Orthograde) Degeneration
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What survives injury in the PNS?
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Schwann cell sheath and CT layers remain --> guiding tube
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The movement of the nucleus to an eccentric position, cell swelling, loss of RER
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Chromatyolysis
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Where is regeneration only successful?
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PNS
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Heterogeneous mass of entangled nerve fibers, Schwann cells, connective tissue cells, etc. that
occurs if regenerating neurons cannot overcome obstacles between the cut ends of the nerve |
Traumatic Neuromas
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Why is CNS regeneration abortive?
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Oligodendrovytes do not form guiding tube and scar tissue produced by astrocytes is a barrier
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Name 2 divisions of the PNS
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Somatic (voluntary skeletal and sensory)
Autonomic (subconscious) |
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Name 2 divisions of the ANS
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Parasymp (rest)
Sympath (fight or flight) |
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What makes up nervous tissue?
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neurons, glial cells (neuroglia), BV and CT (NOT in CNS)
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What are the two glial cells in the PNS?
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Schwann and Satellite Cells
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Astrocytes, Oligodenrocytes, microglia, Ependymal Cells
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Glial cells of the CNS
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Where are neruons and glial cells derived (wide origin)?
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Ectoderm
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What is an aggregation of myelin-covered axons?
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White Matter
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What are aggregations of nerve cell bodies and neuropil?
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Gray Matter
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What occupies the intervals between nerve cell bodies in gray matter?
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Neuropil
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Soma or Perikaryon
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Nerve Cell Body
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Nissl Substance
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RER
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What is found extensively in neurons due to high levels of protein synthesis?
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RER
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Where is RER absent in the neuron?
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Axon and Axon Hillock
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What produces synaptic vessicles and secretes neurotransmitters?
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Golgi
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What are involved in transporting molecules and particles along the axon?
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Microtubules
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What are primarily located in growth cones and at some neuronal junctions?
(Specialized Distribution) |
Microfilaments (actin)
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What are insoluble remnants of lysosomes?
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Lipofuscin
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Where are mito exceptionally abundant?
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axon terminals
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What is the primary function of a dendrite?
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To provide receptive membrane surface for the receipt of input from the axon terminals of other nerve cells in the CNS and in autonomic ganglia of the PNS
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What do axons carry in their terminals?
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Synaptic Vessicles
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Chemical neurotransmitters are released from specialized axon terminals here
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Junction Complex
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What are the sites where vesicles approach and fuse with presynaptic membrane?
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Presynaptic Dense Projections
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The direction of impulse conduction
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Orthograde
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What are more prevalent, neurons or neuroglia?
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Neuroglia
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What are the neuroglia of the CNS?
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Astrocytes, Oligodentrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells
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Astroctyes + Oligodendrocytes =
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Macroglia
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What does the choroid plexus produce?
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CSF
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What is the external layer of a nerve fiber made of dense collagen?
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Epineurium
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What layer of a nerve fiber envelopes bundles or fasicles of fibers?
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Perineurium
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What layer of nerve fiber surrounds individual axons and is made of delicate collagen?
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Endoneurium
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What is the region where the lips of Schwann cell cytoplasm meet?
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Mesaxon
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Term for a group of unmyelinated fibers encompassed by a single Schwann cell
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Bundle of Remark
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Term for unmyelinated axons
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C-fibers
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Where do you find unmeylenated fibers in the PNS?
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Axons of most post-ganlionic autonomic neurons
Axons of small sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia |
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Region of axon from cell body to beginning of myelin
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Initial Segment (IS)
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Segments of myelin between adjacent Nodes of Ranvier
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Internodes
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Former Outer surfaces (Outer protein layers) of Schwann Cell Membranes which have fused and become very thin
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Intraperiod line
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Former cytoplasmic surfaces (Inner protein layers) of SC membrane
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Major Dense Line
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Name on difference between SC and Oligodenroyctes
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Oligo can myelinate more that one axon (Octopus)
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Name 2 things the CNS does NOT have
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Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and CT
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What kind of neurons are Ganglion neurons in the PNS?
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Pseudounipolar
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What are very small cells that form a covering around each ganglion neuron in the PNS?
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Satellite Cells (May be a SC)
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What is the origin of a satellite cell?
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Neural Crest
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What surrounds the entire ganglion in the PNS?
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CT capsule
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Degeneration of the portion of axon separated from the cell body
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Wallerian or Orthograde Degeneration
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Degenerative changes in cell body and or portion of axon still attached to the cell body
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Retrograde Degeneration
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What is a large heterogeneous mass of entangled nerve fibers that often transmits pain?
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Traumatic Neuroma
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Name 2 kinds of sensory receptors
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Encapsulated and Unencapsulated
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Which type of receptor may consit of specialized CT structure?
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Encapsulated
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Which type of receptor may simply be the fine, branched, terminal filaments of the peripheral processes of sensory neurons?
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Unencapsulaed
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