Nervous System Test #4 - Pain And Massage Pathologies Of The Nervous System

Front 1

What are the receptors for pain called?

Back 1

Nociceptors

Front 2

Scientists now understand that pain is not a hard-wired system connecting nociceptors to the brain. True or False?

Back 2

True

Front 3

When were local and local anesthesia compounds discovered?

Back 3

19th century

Front 4

Where do biologists think that integration of pain information is taking place?

Back 4

In the spinal cord.

Front 5

What are the two major categories of pain?

Back 5

Chronic and acute

Front 6

Give three main areas that makes a pain symptom 'acute'.

Back 6

1. Mainly results from disease, inflammation or tissue injury.
2. Generally comes on suddenly, such as after trauma or injury.
3.Can usually be diagnosed and treated

Front 7

Give three main areas describing chronic pain.

Back 7

1. Represents the disease itself
2.Can be made much worse by environmental or psychological factors
3.Persists over a longer period of time and is resistant to most medical treatments

Front 8

What are the 5 ways damage can happen to the spinal cord?

Back 8

1. Concussion - tissue is jarred/irritated
2.Contusion - bleeding in spinal cord damages tissue
3.Compression - pressure on cord due to tumor or bone spur
4.Laceration - partially cut
5. Transection - severed

Front 9

What is an injury to the spinal cord called that effects lower extremities and and lower abdomen?

Back 9

Paraplegia

Front 10

What is tetra or quadriplegia?

Back 10

Paralysis from the head down

Front 11

Injury to the anterior portions of the spinal; cord means ..... functions are affected.

Back 11

Motor

Front 12

If your senses of touch, propioception and vibration has been affected which part of the spinal cord has been damaged?

Back 12

Damage to posterior aspects of the spinal cord

Front 13

If senses of pain and temperature have been affected, which part of the spinal cord has been injured?

Back 13

The lateral parts of the spinal cord

Front 14

What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US?

What is the most common CNS disorder?

Back 14

1. Stroke
2. Stroke

Front 15

What are the two most common forms of ischemic stroke?

Back 15

1.Cerebral thrombosis - a clot blocks a cerebral artery

2. Embolism - fragments of clots and plaque from other parts of the body to the brain

Front 16

What is another term for stroke? What is it?

Back 16

1. Cerebrovascular accident - CVA

2. Lack of oxygen to the brain damaging brain cells

Front 17

What is a warning sign for stroke?

Back 17

TIA - Transient ischemic attack

Front 18

What is the % split of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke?

Back 18

80/20%

Front 19

Mention up to 13 risk factors for stroke.

Back 19

High blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, C-reactive protein, long term inflamation, atrial fibrilation, alcohol, drugs, obisity, diabetes, high estrogen birth control, hormone replacement therapy, depression and overall stress.

Front 20

Up to 6 signs/symptoms for stroke?

Back 20

Sudden unilateral weakness, blurry vision, slurred speech, dizziness, extreme headaches, possible loss of consciousness.

Front 21

Massage for stroke victims?

Back 21

Inquire about cardiovascular health.

Not if numbness or paralysis or issues with language.

Front 22

What is the most common type of headache?

Back 22

Tension headache

Front 23

7 potential causes of tension headache?

Back 23

Muscle tension, bony misalignment,
postural patterns, eyestrain, TMJ, myofascial pain syndrome, ligament irritation.

Front 24

What is a vascular headache? Give some examples types of vascular headaches..

Back 24

Collection of too much fluid in the head.
Could be classic migraine, migraine cluster headaches triggered by stress/food/hormones, sinus headaches

Front 25

What kind of headache group is due to low blood sugar, dehydration including hangovers, hormone shifts, rebound headaches, exposure to toxins.

Back 25

Chemical headache

Front 26

What is the underlying problem of a traction-inflammatory headache?

Back 26

Indicates serious underlying problems such as tumor, aneurysm, stroke, infection.

Front 27

1.What headaches respond well to massage?
2. What headaches are sensitive to touch and other stimulus?

Back 27

1. Tension headaches
2. Vascular headaches

Front 28

What are the most common destinations in the brain for pain signals in sequential order?

Back 28

The brain stem, then the thalmus and then the cortex.

Front 29

Pain: Chemicals in brain and spinal cord transmit nerve impulses from one cell to another by binding to a receptor on the receiving cell. True or false?

Back 29

True

Front 30

What portions of the brain store 'body image'?

Back 30

Thalmus an cortex.

Front 31

1. Who put forward the 'gate-control' theory?
2. What is this theory?

Back 31

1. Ronald Meizack

2. Only one of all the many sensory impulses can get to the CNS and through the 'gate' at one time, like a race.

Front 32

What travels faster to the CNS, chronic pain or touch?

Back 32

Touch

Front 33

Pain that is projected back to an area different from the part where the receptors are stimulated is called ......?

Back 33

Referred pain

Front 34

What is 'radiating pain'?

Back 34

Pain that travels from the original site to distant places.

Ex: Sciatica pain in lower extremities

Front 35

Mention 4 ways pain receptors can be stimulated?

Back 35

Injury, ischemia, irritation and pressure.

Front 36

What does 'parasthesia' feel like?

Back 36

Needles and pins

Front 37

What is 'anasthesia; in regards to pain sensation?

Back 37

Partial or total loss of sensation

Front 38

What is another term for 'without pain'?

Back 38

Analgesia

Front 39

Describe the pain-spasm-pain cycle in 4 steps.

Back 39

1. Pain causes tightening of muscles resulting in hypertonicity
2. Hypertonicity causes ischemia
3. Ischemia causes secondary pain
4. The new pain causes further tensing of muscles

Front 40

2 main reasons why is massage indicated for pain reduction?

Back 40

1. The increased circulation can reduce ischemia, clear out built-up waste products and decrease muscle tension
2. The gate-control theory can decrease pain

Front 41

Three things MTs should always watch for in regards to cautions for massage?

Back 41

Numbness, verbal/nonverbal communications and medications.

Front 42

Give 2 examples of chronic degenerative disorders?

Back 42

Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis

Front 43

Give 1 example of a movement disorder?

Back 43

Parkinson disease

Front 44

Give 1 example of an infectious disorder?

Back 44

Herpes Zoster

Front 45

Give 3 examples of Nervous System injuries?

Back 45

Bell palsy, spinal cord injuries and stroke

Front 46

Massage for seizure disorder clients?

Back 46

If no seizure activity - indicated

Front 47

What is a seizure?

Back 47

Millions of neurons are giving off an electric discharge.

Front 48

What are the leading causes of Alzheimer Disease?

Back 48

Plaques and tangles -
Plaque causes an inflammatory response and kills nearby cells.

Tangles - cells fall out of relationship and become tangled and die

Front 49

What 5 issues may contribute to Alzheimer Disease?

Back 49

Chronic inflammation, head injury, exposure to toxins, high cholesterol, low estrogen.

Front 50

Name 6 other memory loss diseases/causes.

Back 50

Vascular dementia, stroke/TIA, Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, Huntington disease and Mad Cow

Front 51

If you gave someone medication to prevent reuptake of acetylcholine and mood behavior medications, what might they suffer from?

Back 51

Alzheimer disease

Front 52

Inflammation and degeneration of myelin sheaths in CNS is the cause of......?

Back 52

Multiple Sclerosis -

Front 53

What happens to the immune system when someone is diagnosed with an autoimmune ailment?

Back 53

It starts to attack itself.

Front 54

What disease is called the 'Great Imitator'?

Back 54

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 55

Describe most of the MS victims?

Back 55

White and away from the equator, younger women.

Front 56

Give up to 10 other illnesses that could look like MS?

Back 56

Lyme disease, HIV/AIDS, scleroderma, vascular problems in the brain, complications with encephalitis,
herniated/ruptured disc, lupus, CNS tumor, fibromyalgia and B12 deficiency.

Front 57

Massage and MS?

Back 57

- Safe in remission - do NOT overstimulate
- Exacerbated by heat - consistent temperature important

Front 58

Parkinson Disease - describe etiology.

Back 58

Basal nuclei help with voluntary movement and need dopamine. With dopamine shortage basal nuclei won't work and voluntary movement degrades.

Front 59

Massage for Parkinson disease?

Back 59

Indicated - Vibration can open up rigid extremities and muscles

Front 60

Another word for 'shingles'?

Describe shingles.

Back 60

1. Herpes Zoster
2. Viral infection in sensory dendrites

Front 61

What does PHN stand for?

Back 61

Postherpetic neuraglia

Front 62

Massage for Herpes Zoster?

Back 62

Contraindicated while painful - may only be local contraindication
- PHN could be soothed or irritated