Nervous System

Front 1

Supporting cells of the CNS

Back 1

astrocyte
microglial
ependymal
oligodendrocyte

Front 2

astrocyte

Back 2

most common
anchor neurons to nutrients supply
absorb excess K+
recycle neurotransmitters
communicate among themselves

Front 3

microglial

Back 3

CNS "macrophage"
protect CNS from invasion
phagocytosis of neuronal material

Front 4

ependymal

Back 4

line cns cavities

permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and extracellular fluid

beating cilia help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Front 5

oligodendrocyte

Back 5

produce myelin sheaths around large neurons

Front 6

supporting cells of the pns

Back 6

schwann cells

satellite cells

Front 7

schwann cells

Back 7

produce myelin sheaths in pns

Front 8

satellite cells

Back 8

surround soma and help control external environment

Front 9

dendrites

Back 9

receptive field of cell (process)

Front 10

cell body

Back 10

biosynthetic region; produces proteins

Front 11

axon

Back 11

long tail (process)

Front 12

axonal terminal (bouton)

Back 12

where neurotransmitters are stored and released

Front 13

axon hillock

Back 13

where action potential that causes release is produced

Front 14

multipolar neurons

Back 14

many processes extend from the cell body; all dendrites except for a single axon

most common

Front 15

biplar neurons

Back 15

two processes extend from the cell body: one is a fused dendrite, the other is an axon

rare; come with sense (eyes, ears, etc)

Front 16

unipolar neurons

Back 16

one process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise an axon.

Front 17

where are unipolar neurons mostly found?

Back 17

the pns

Front 18

Neuron is more ______ charged on the inside of the cell

Back 18

negatively

Front 19

There are more ______ ions outside the cell than inside when @ rest

Back 19

Sodium

Front 20

there is more _______ inside than outside when the cell is at rest

Back 20

potassium

Front 21

Which is more permeable through the cell membrane, potassium or sodium?

Back 21

potassium

Front 22

what are the 2 mechanisms that keep the inside of the cell more negative than the outside? (resting membrane potential, -70mv)

Back 22

Sodium/Potassium Pump and membrane (potential)

Front 23

membrane mechanism

Back 23

potassium diffuses (it moves along its concentration gradient)

sodium leaks in, but membrane lets more k go out than na go in

since more is going out, inside is more negative

Front 24

sodium channel opens ________

Back 24

quickly

Front 25

potassium channel opens ______

Back 25

slowly

Front 26

Sodium and Potassium pumps are _______ gated channels

Back 26

voltage gated (respond to electricity)

Front 27

when stimulated...

Back 27

na rushes in, initially reaches equilibrium

Front 28

@ 30 mv

Back 28

sodium channels close; then K+ channels open, K+ goes out

Front 29

3rd stage of action potential

Back 29

channels close (but 2 other mechanisms are working and the charge goes back up to -70 mv)

Front 30

depolarizing

Back 30

charges becoming less different

Front 31

propagation

Back 31

how action potential moves down membrane

generated/begins in axon hillock

Front 32

neurons fire in response to ________

Back 32

stimulation

Front 33

rate coding

Back 33

number of times action potential is produced in a given amount of time

Front 34

synapses

Back 34

joining of buton to another neuron

Front 35

axosomatic

Back 35

axon and soma joining (least)

Front 36

axodendritic

Back 36

axon to dendrite (most)

Front 37

axoaxonic

Back 37

axon to axon

Front 38

does an action potential cross a synapse?

Back 38

no

Front 39

inhibitory synapse

Back 39

negative goes in (Cl)- hyperpolarizing

Front 40

excitatory synapse

Back 40

depolarizes membrane, Na goes in

Front 41

do inhibitory synapses make it easier or harder to generate an action potential?

Back 41

harder

Front 42

ligand gated channels open in response to ________

Back 42

chemicals

Front 43

where are Na/K channels located?

Back 43

dendrites

Front 44

inhibitory synapse

Back 44

make it hard to generate an action potential; negative goes in (hyperpolarizing)

Front 45

excitatory synapse

Back 45

makes in easier to generate an action potential; depolarized membrane; Na goes in

Front 46

What happens when an action potential hits a Ca channel?

Back 46

they open up (b/c they are voltage gated) and Ca goes rushing in (down the c.g.); vesicles startto migrate toward the membrane, then bind to the membrane and become part of it, then the contents of the vesicles go outside the neuron

Front 47

the vesicles contain________ which go to the ___________

Back 47

neurotransmitters; synaptic cleft

Front 48

synaptic cleft

Back 48

space between axon and other membrane in a synapse

Front 49

4 things that can happen to the neurotransmitter

Back 49

1. it can get washed away
2. enzymes in the extracellular fluid can eat them
3. it can get taken back up by the buton (axonal terminal)
4. neurotransmitters can bind to receptors

Front 50

how do neurotransmitters bind to receptors?

Back 50

receptors are specific to the transmitter; when a n.t. hits a receptor, it brushes up against it, hesitates for a fraction of a second and receptor vibrates and changes

Front 51

where are na channels located?

Back 51

axon

Front 52

where are k channels located?

Back 52

axon

Front 53

where are Ca channels located?

Back 53

buton

Front 54

where are Cl channels located?

Back 54

lots of places

Front 55

what is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Back 55

GABA

Front 56

When GABA is released...

Back 56

it binds to specific receptors that are bound to Cl channels and Cl is released and gets more (-) and is hyperpolarized and it is keeping neuron from generating an action potential

Front 57

in order to generate an action potential you have to get the charge up to _____ mv

Back 57

-55 mv

Front 58

the GABA receptor is a ______ gated channel

Back 58

ligand (chemical)

Front 59

what are the differences between action potentials and postsynaptic potentials?

Back 59

postsynaptic potentials are:
1. graded potentials
2. localized
3. ligand gated

Front 60

what is the most common chemical that causes epsp?

Back 60

glutamate

Front 61

4 types of neural integration of epsps and ipsps at the axonal membrane of the postsynaptic cell

Back 61

1. subthreshold (epsp)
2. temporal summation (epsp)
3. spatial summation (epsp)
4. spatial summation of epsp & ipsp

Front 62

subthreshold

Back 62

neuron 2 has excitatory synapse- you get an EPSP- doesn't get to -55mv so you don't get an AP (no summation)

Front 63

summation

Back 63

taking all psps to see if you get an ap

Front 64

temporal summation

Back 64

the closer the epsps, the higher the membrane potential (1st synapse fires twice)

Front 65

spatial summation

Back 65

2 different synapse fire at the same time or close

Front 66

spatial summation of ipsp and epsp

Back 66

don't get an ap

Front 67

types of circuits in neuronal pools

Back 67

1. divergence in teh same pathway
2. divergence in different pathways
3. convergence
4. convergence with a single neuron
5. reverberating circuit
6. parallel after discharge

Front 68

divergence in the same pathway

Back 68

one neuron stimulates 2 neurons and so on- called amplification

Front 69

divergence in 2 pathways

Back 69

same as in the same pathway but in different directions (NOT amplification)

Front 70

reverberating circuit

Back 70

keeps firing around circuit

Front 71

parallel after discharge

Back 71

complex circuit

Front 72

3 parts of brainstem

Back 72

midbrain
pons
medulla

Front 73

regions of the diencephalon

Back 73

thalamus
amygdala
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
hippocampus
corpus callosum

Front 74

thalamus

Back 74

decides what goes to cortex and where it goes

Front 75

amygdala

Back 75

emotional region of the brain; generates negative feelings; frontal cortex controls amygdala (can turn bad feelings on or off)

Front 76

hypothalamus

Back 76

bridge b/t what goes on in brain and body; controls thirst, brainstem, sexual desire, hunger

Front 77

pituitary gland

Back 77

"master gland: controls other glands throughout the body

Front 78

hippocampus

Back 78

memory center- closely related to the amygdala

Front 79

corpus callosum

Back 79

connects R and L side of brain (lets them communicate)(upside down C)

Front 80

basal nuclei

Back 80

part of diencephalaon
critical for motor control (feed back to cortex whether info sent out is correct)

Front 81

frontal lobe

Back 81

consciousness, regulation of motor activity

Front 82

temporal lobe

Back 82

hearing and long term memory

Front 83

parietal lobe

Back 83

sensory input

Front 84

occipital lobe

Back 84

main region for vision

Front 85

central sulcus

Back 85

big groove b/t frontal and parietal lobe

Front 86

precentral gyrus

Back 86

primary motor cortex

region of the brain that controls movement

Front 87

postcentral gyrus

Back 87

primary somatosensory cortex

where most sensory info that reaches your consciousness goes

Front 88

association cortex

Back 88

takes sensory info from different areas and makes them useful

Front 89

general interpretation area

Back 89

allow you to interpret sensory input

Front 90

lateral ventricles

Back 90

hold cerebrospinal fluid (R & L lateral ventricles) - send it to 3rd ventricled along midline of brain

Front 91

interventricular foramen

Back 91

allow cerebrospinal fluid to go from L and R ventricles to 3rd ventricle

Front 92

cerebral aqueduct

Back 92

allows cerebrospinal fluid to go from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle (dorsal brainstem)

Front 93

central canal

Back 93

c.s. fluid flows down
~ then to base, goes back up, then to brain again

Front 94

________ cells line inner surface of canals and ventricles to keep cerebrospinal fluid moving

Back 94

ependymal

Front 95

the limbic system

Back 95

emotional system (thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala)

Front 96

reticular formation

Back 96

controls alterness

moving around activates r.f.

Front 97

corona radiata

Back 97

neurons that go from the thalamus to the rest of the brain

Front 98

3 types of tracts (fibers)

Back 98

commissural fibers
association fibers
projection fibers

Front 99

commissural fibers

Back 99

run across corpus collosum and connect R and L brain

Front 100

association fibers

Back 100

localized to one region

Front 101

projection fibers

Back 101

run a long way (motor cells taht go from motor cortex down spine->parametal cells

Front 102

where to parameter cells crossover

Back 102

parametal decasation (in the medulla of the brainstem)

Front 103

CN #1

Back 103

olfactory

smells

sensory

Front 104

CN #2

Back 104

optic

sees

sensory

Front 105

CN #3

Back 105

oculomotor

moves eyes

motor

Front 106

CN #4

Back 106

trochlear

moves eyes

motor

Front 107

CN #5

Back 107

trigeminal

chews, feels front of head

mixed

Front 108

CN #6

Back 108

Abducens

moves eyes

motor

Front 109

CN # 7

Back 109

facial

moves face/tastes/cries

mixed

Front 110

cn # 8

Back 110

vestibulocochlear

hears/regulates balance

sensory

Front 111

cn # 9

Back 111

glossopharyngeal

tastes/swallows/monitors bp

Front 112

cn # 10

Back 112

vagus

tastes/swallows/talks/thoracoabdominal viscera

mixed

Front 113

cn #11

Back 113

accessory

turns head/lifts shoulders

motor

Front 114

cn #12

Back 114

hypoglossal

moves tongue

motor

Front 115

are spinal nerves sensory, motor, or mixed?

Back 115

mixed

Front 116

how many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

Back 116

8

Front 117

how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?

Back 117

12

Front 118

how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?

Back 118

5

Front 119

how many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

Back 119

5

Front 120

how many pairs of coccyx nerves are there?

Back 120

1

Front 121

where does the spinal cord end and what is below it?

Back 121

L2

bundles of nerves called the cauda aquina

Front 122

4 somatosensory pathway receptors

Back 122

touch

proprioception

pain

thermal

Front 123

touch receptors

Back 123

mechanical stimulation of body surface

Front 124

proprioception receptors

Back 124

mechanical displacement of muscles and joints

Front 125

pain receptors

Back 125

noxious (tissue damage) stimuli

Front 126

thermal receptors

Back 126

cool and warm stimuli

Front 127

stereognosis

Back 127

knowing what something is because of activation of receptors

Front 128

general somatic afferent (to your brain) pathways

Back 128

discriminative touch = stereognosis

pain and temp and light crude touch

unconscious proprieception (balance movement)

Front 129

concscious discriminative touch, pressure, and proprioception discriminative touch (deep pressure, spatial localization, stereognosis; shape size. texture; awareness of movement)

Back 129

from the body: dorsal columns/medial lemniscal system

from the face:

Front 130

pain and temperature, and light crude touch (stroking shin with cotton)

Back 130

from the body: spinothalamic system/anterolateral system

Front 131

unconscious proprioception (balance, movement)

Back 131

fromthe body: spinocerebellar tract

Front 132

fasiculus gracilis

Back 132

medial dorsal column

carries discriminative touch info for legs

all levels of spinal cord have this

Front 133

fasiculus cuneatus

Back 133

upper thoracic and cervical region of spinal cord

lateral to f.g.

discriminative touch info for arms

Front 134

discriminative touch info is traveling ________ to stimulus

Back 134

ipsilaterally

(on teh same side)

Front 135

spinothalamic tract

Back 135

carries pain and temperature information; crosses over to the other side - info runs contralaterally

Front 136

dorsal horn

Back 136

collects sensory information

Front 137

corticospinal tract

Back 137

from cortex to spine

responsible for voluntary motor control

made of upper and lower motor neurons

activate muscles on the opposite side of the body

Front 138

ventral horn

Back 138

once information gets here it synapses onto another motor neuron (leaves ventral horn goes to ventral root to spinal nerve to effector organ)

Front 139

medial lemniscal tract

Back 139

carries discriminative touch info

Front 140

medial lemniscus

Back 140

where discriminative touch info crosses over to the other side of the body

Front 141

anterior cerebral artery

Back 141

feed medial parietal lobe and frontal lobes

Front 142

middle cerebral artery

Back 142

feeds lateral and superior parts of the brain

Front 143

levels of processing

Back 143

1. pattern recognition
2. quality discrimination
3. feature abstraction
4. spatial discrimination
5. magnitude estimation
6. perceptual detection

Front 144

pattern recognition

Back 144

place significance (some emotional value) onto recognizable patterns

Front 145

quality discrimination

Back 145

differentiate sub modalities of a particular quality (taste different flavors, etc)

Front 146

feature abstraction

Back 146

ability to breakdown and add back together specific features of a certain sense

Front 147

spatial discrimination

Back 147

ability to identify the site and/or pattern of a stimulus (need dermatone and humunculus)

Front 148

magnitude estimation

Back 148

intensity of a stimulus (rate coding)

Front 149

perceptual detection

Back 149

detecting that a stimulus has occurred (most simplistic level)

Front 150

where does voluntary motor control information cross over?

Back 150

decussation of pyramid

Front 151

where are upper motor neurons?

what could cause injury to upper motor neurons?

Back 151

brain or spinal cord

stroke or injury to spinal cord

Front 152

what are the characteristis of an upper motor neuron defect?

Back 152

spastic paralysis (muscles contracting)
no sign. muscle atrophy
no fibrillations
hyperreflexia
babinski reflex (may be present)

Front 153

what are the characteristics on a lower motor neuron defect?

Back 153

flaccid paralysis (muscle won't move and isn't contracting)

muscle atropy

fibrillations
hyporeflexia (reflexes are gone or almost gone)
no babinksi reflex

Front 154

where do lower motor neuron defects occur

Back 154

periferal nerves or ventral horn

Front 155

if you have an upper motor neuron lesion on the L side (facial) what will happen?

Back 155

your R lower lip will droop

Front 156

what would happen if you had a lower motor neuron lesion on your L facial nerve?

Back 156

your L face would droop

Front 157

what feeds the font of frontal and medial parietal lobe?

Back 157

anterior cerebral artery

Front 158

motor information leaves spinal cord @ ________

Back 158

level of effector organ (though the ventral root)

Front 159

if you have a temp defecit @ the L2 dermatone and below,where is the lesion?

Back 159

l1