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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Central nervous system |
Brain and spinal chord |
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Stimuli |
Things in the environment, which a person can sense and respond to |
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CNS protection |
Skull, vertebral column and meninges |
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Meninges |
Pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater |
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Pia mater |
Rich blood supply which nourishes the cell |
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Arachnoid |
Cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a cushion and maintains constant pressure and nourishes cell |
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Dura mater |
Tough durable membrane for protection |
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Grey matter |
Mostly cell bodies |
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White matter |
Mostly axons or nerve fibers |
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Ventricles |
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Cerebrum |
Largest part, connected to corpus callosum and controls emotion, personality and voluntary muscles |
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Corpus callosum |
Allows communication between right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum |
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Cerebellum |
Controls voluntary muscular movement, posture and balance |
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Medulla oblongata |
Maintains vital body functions such as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate |
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Spinal chord |
Simple reflexes |
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Sensory nerves |
Afferent, unipolar |
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Motor neurons |
Efferent, multipolar |
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Somatic nervous system |
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle response |
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Autonomic nervous system |
Controls involuntary skeletal muscle response.
Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Sympathetic |
Controls activities that increase the amount of energy used. Works with adrenaline |
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Parasympathetic |
Controls activities that decrease the amount of energy used. Rest and digest response |
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Neurons |
Basic unit of the nervous system |
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Epineurium |
Layer of connective tissues that surrounds a nerve |
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Perineurium |
Encloses each bundle of nerve cells |
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Endoneurium |
Delicate connective tissue inside a nerve |
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Dendrites |
Carry nerve impulses towards cell body |
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Cell body |
Contains nucleus, controls functions |
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Myelin sheath |
Fatty layer for insulation which speeds up impulses |
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Neurilemma |
Membrane which repairs a damaged neuron |
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Schwann cell |
Nourishes the neuron |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
Gaps between Schwann cells which speed up nerve impulses |
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Reflex actions |
Fast involuntary responses |
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Simple reflexes arcs |
Neuron pathways that carry impulses Receptors - sensory neuron - dorsal root - spinal chord - synapse with interneuron - motor neuron - ventral root- effectors |
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Synaptic knob |
End of the axon which produces neurotransmitters |
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Alzheimer’s |
Cause: old age, head injure, genetics Symptoms: loss of memory, loss of words, not doing activities, mood change Treatment: no cure, drugs slow it down |
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Multiple sclerosis |
Causes: genetic, environmental factor Symptoms: loss of memory and coordination, visual problems and depression Treatment: drugs help with symptoms |
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Brain injury |
Affect movement, speech, memory |
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Spinal injury |
Loss of sensation and paralysis |
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Stem cell |
Cells that are capable of dividing and differentiating into almost any cell type |
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Receptors |
Involved with detecting the changes in stimuli that occurs in environment |
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Receptors |
Involved with detecting the changes in stimuli that occurs in environment |
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Interoceptors and exteroceptors |
Internal and external stimuli |
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Front (Term) |
Back (Definition) |
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Eye muscles |
Allow eyeball to move |
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Eye muscles |
Allow eyeball to move |
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Eye glands |
Secrete tears to prevent it from drying out |
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Eye muscles |
Allow eyeball to move |
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Eye glands |
Secrete tears to prevent it from drying out |
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Sclera |
Outer layer, inelastic tissue, maintains shape of eye and allow muscles to attach |
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Eye muscles |
Allow eyeball to move |
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Eye glands |
Secrete tears to prevent it from drying out |
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Sclera |
Outer layer, inelastic tissue, maintains shape of eye and allow muscles to attach |
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Cornea |
Front part, transparent allowing light to pass through |
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Choroid |
Middle layer, contains blood vessels. Front part forms iris |
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Choroid |
Middle layer, contains blood vessels. Front part forms iris |
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Iris |
Surround the pupil |
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Choroid |
Middle layer, contains blood vessels. Front part forms iris |
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Iris |
Surround the pupil |
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Conjunctiva |
Thin membrane that covers the front part containing sensory nerve endings |
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Choroid |
Middle layer, contains blood vessels. Front part forms iris |
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Iris |
Surround the pupil |
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Conjunctiva |
Thin membrane that covers the front part containing sensory nerve endings |
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Retina |
Inner layer of eyeball made up of photoreceptors |
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Choroid |
Middle layer, contains blood vessels. Front part forms iris |
Contains ... forms ... |
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Iris |
Surround the pupil |
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Conjunctiva |
Thin membrane that covers the front part containing sensory nerve endings |
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Retina |
Inner layer of eyeball made up of photoreceptors |
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Photoreceptors |
Convert light into nerve impulses |
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Rods |
Sensory cells in retina, active in dim light, allows you to see black and white Pigment: rhodopsin |
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Cones |
Active in bright light, allows you to see color. Pigment: iodopsin |
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Astigmatism |
Vision blurred due to an uneven curve of the cornea or lens |
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Cataracs |
Clouding of the lens as a person gets older |
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Optic nerve |
Carry impulses from retina to brain |
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Lens |
Behind pupil |
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Suspensory ligaments |
Hold lens in place |
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Functioning of the eye |
1- cornea: light refraction 2- pupil: light passes through 3- lens refraction of light to create focused image 4- image falls on retina and is inverted 5- optic nerve: carry impulses through brain which interprets images as an upright image |
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Binocular vision |
Ability to focus on one object using both eyes. Brains puts both images together |
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Accommodation |
Process where lens changes its shape to allow you to focus on an object |
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Pupil reflex |
Contraction of pupil in response to light Dim: radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax Bright: radial muscles relax, circular muscles contract |
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Short sightedness |
Eyeball is too long and cornea too rounded |
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Long sightedness |
Eyeball is too short and cornea is too flat |
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Front (Term) |
Back (Definition) |
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Pinna |
Shaped to ensure that sound waves are directed toward eardrum |
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Eustachian canal |
Connects throat to middle ear and ensure that air pressure remains equal |
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Tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
Sound waves causes it to vibrate converting it into mechanical waves |
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Hearing |
Pinnae - external auditory canal - eardrum - ossicles - oval window - inner ear - organs of corti - auditory nerve |
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External auditory canal |
Lined with fine hairs and glands which secrete waxy substances |
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Tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
Sound waves causes it to vibrate concerting it into mechanical waves |
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Ossicles |
Transfers mechanical waves into oval window |
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Middle ear |
Air filled cavity |
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Oval window |
Separates the middle ear from inner ear |
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Inner ear |
Fluid filled cavity |
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Semi- circular canals |
Play a role in balance |
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Auditory nerve |
Carry nerve impulses to brain |
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Cochlea |
Sensory structure called organs of corti which converge wave movements into nerve impulses |
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