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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what was the prevalence of Americans with a history of cancer in 03'?
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10.5 million
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about how many American deaths were predicted to occur in 06' from cancers?
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over half a million 564, 830
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what are the top 3 incidences of cancer in males?
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1) prostate ( 33%)
2) lung (14%) 3) colon & rectum (11%) |
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what are top 3 incidences of cancer in females?
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1) breast (31%)
2) lung ( 12%) 3) colon & rectum (11%) |
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what are the top 3 cancer deaths of males
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1) lung (31%)
2) Colon & rectum (10%) 3) prostate (9% or 10% sawyer) |
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what are the top 3 cancer deaths of females
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1) lung (25%)
2) breast (15%) 3 colon & rectum (11%) |
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why are there more deaths of lung cancer as opposed to the breast and prostate cancers?
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detection in early stages for breast and prostate
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what is a main factor increasing the likelihood of cancer?
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age
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retinoblastoma
neuroblastoma leukemias are examples of cancers that occur ____ |
in children
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skin cancer is morel likely to occur in what population group?
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New Zealanders
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stomach cancer is found to occur more frequently in what population group?
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Japanese
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neoplasia means:
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new growth
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the study of tumors or neoplasms
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oncology
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what are 2 anatomic characteristics of benign and malignant tumors alike?
-which is most important for diagnosis? |
1) parenchyma: proliferating neoplastic cells (most important)
2) Stroma: supporting CT and BVs |
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tumors of the following tissues originate from what?
-CT -bone -fibroblastic cells -lipids -blood vessels -cartilage |
mesenchymal cells
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benign tumor of adipose tissue?
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Lipoma
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what are some characteristics of benign tumors?
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well demarcated / defined
smooth surface mobility |
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what are 2 names for a benign tumor of smooth muscle?
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1) Leiomyoma
2) Fibroids |
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benign tumor of skeletal muscle
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rhabdomyoma
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benign tumors arising from glands or those producing a glandular pattern?
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adenoma
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cancers of the:
thyroid parathyroid salivary glands etc. - are classified as? |
adenoma
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benign epithelial neoplasms presenting with warty projections
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papillomas
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what are viral strains that cause papillomas?
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HPV 6 : 11
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tumors that form causing a cavity lined by epithelium such as in the ovary?
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cystadenomas
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When a benign, or malignant, neoplasm produces a macroscopically
visible projection above a MUCOSAL surface and projects into a lumen, as in the GI tract, it is termed a |
polyp
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malignant polyps are best termed
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polypoidcancers
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a malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue
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sarcoma
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a malignant tumor of a :
fibroblast? chondroblast? |
fibrosarcoma
chondrosarcoma |
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What are characteristics of malignant tumors? ABCD
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asymmetrical
border irregularity color difference diameter |
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malignant neoplasms derived from any of the 3 epithelial germ layers are called
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cacinomas
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a carcinoma with a glandular growth pattern is called?
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adenocarcinoma
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a malignant tumor that presents squamous cells arising in the epithelium is called
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SCC
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what % of oral mucosal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas?
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94%
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what are two distinctions in terms of the cellular pattern exhibited by malignant tumors?
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poorly differentiated
undifferentiated - malignant tumors |
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in the case of smokers the PSCC epithelium can undergo metaplasia to become
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stratified squamous cell = SCC
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what process might lead a cell into forming a mixed tumor
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divergent differentiation
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an example of divergent differentiation yet with the same stem cell origin of a tumor would be :
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fibroma with a fibrous capsule
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what is a better term for melanoma?
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melanocarcinoma
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a malformation that presents as a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site
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hamartoma
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a congenital anomaly whereby cells of one organ are found in another site: (heterotopic rest)
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Choristoma
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a malignant tumor of bone
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osteogenic sarcoma / osteosarcoma?
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tumor of blood vessels:
benign? malignant? |
hemangioma
angiosarcoma |
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malignant tumor of mesothelium?
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mesothelioma
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malignant cancer of hematopoetic blood cells?
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leukemias
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malignant cancer of lymph tissue?
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lymphomas
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neoplasia of lymph vessels
-benign? malignant? |
lymphangioma
lymphangiosarcoma |
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tumor of melanocytes:
-benign? -malignant? |
nevus
malignant melanoma |
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tumors of stratified squamous epithelium:
-benign? -malignant? |
stratified squamous papilloma
SCC |
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tumors of respiratory passage epithelium:
-benign? -malignant? |
bronchial adenoma
bronchogenic carcinoma |
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tumors of renal epithelium:
-benign? -malignant? |
renal tubular adenoma
renal cell carcinoma |
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tumors of placental epithelium:
-benign? -malignant? |
hydatidiform mole
choriocarcinoma |
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malignant tumor of testicular epithelium?
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seminoma
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Mixed tumors of salivary glands derived from one neoplastic cell ?
benign? malignant? |
pleomorphic adenoma
malignant mixed tumor of |
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mixed tumor of totipotential cell in gonads or embryonic rests?
benign? malignant? |
Benign:
-mature teratoma -dermoid cyst Malignant: -immature teratoma -teratocarcinoma |
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4 Distinction between Benign and Malignant tumors?
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1) Differentiation and Anaplasia
2) Rate of Growth 3) Local invasion 4) Metastasis |
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what is the general differentiation of Benign tumors?
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well-differentiated
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what is the general differentiation of Malignant tumors?
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well-differentiated ---> undifferentiated
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a hallmark of malignant transformation resembling a LACK of cell differentiation?
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anaplasia
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what type of mitotic activity do undifferentiated (malignant-related) tumor cells exhibit? (2):
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1) frequent division
2) abnormal cell types formed |
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which tumor cells are generally slow growing?
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benign
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chemotherapy tends to target what type of tumor cells?
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highly replicating cells
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what tumors have the least functionality of cells?
high grade or low grade? |
high grade
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variation of size and shape of the cells and their nuclei
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pleomorphism
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nuclei containing an abundance of DNA and are extremely dark staining is called?
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hyperchromatism
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anaplastic tumors exhibit what in regards to mitotic division?
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a high number of mitoses
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more important than the number of mitoses of anaplastic tumor cells is what feature?
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atypical/bizarre mitotic figures
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what type of cells arise in the case of anaplasia that are distinct?
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tumor giant cells
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what is characteristic in regards to orientation of cells?
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disturbed / polarity
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the more rapidly anaplastic tumors grow....what?
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less functionally active
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what is the clinically detectable size of a tumor?
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1gm
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what is the maximum compatible mass with life for a tumor?
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1kg
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what type of tumor is an expansile mass that compresses CT to lead to a fibrous capsule?
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benign
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With metastasis being the first, what is the second most reliable feature that differentiates benign tumors from malignant?
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invasiveness
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the local invasion of a malignant tumor is exeplified by
1) 2) 3) leaving them poorly demarcated? |
1) progressive infiltration
2) invasion 3) destruction of surrounding tissue |
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Metastases are tumor implants that are ____ w/ the primary tumor
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discontinuous
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what are 2 exceptions to the rule that most cancers metastasize?
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1) malignant glial cell tumors
2) basal cell carcinomas |
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what % of pts. with solid tumors (excluding skin tumors) present with metastases?
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30%
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what are the 3 means of dissemination for metastatic cancers?
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1) direct seeding of body cavities/surfaces
2) lymphatic spread 3) hematogenous spread |
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what is the most common site for direct seeding metastatic dissemination?
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peritoneal cavity
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what are less common sites of direct seeding dissemination of metastases? (4)
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pleural
pericardial subarachnoid synovial |
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what is the most common pathway of spread for :
carcinomas? sarcomas? |
1) carcinomas = lymphatics
2) sarcomas = hematogenous |
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what 2 sites have the propensity for hematogenous dissemination of metastases?
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liver
lung |
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What type of vasculature is more easily invade by tumors? and why?
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veins.
less muscle in vessel walls |
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So what are the 4 characteristic used to distinguish benign tumors from malignant?
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1) differentiation/anaplasia
2) rate of growth 3) local invasion 4) metastasis |
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what type of tumors cause morbidity and mortality?
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all of them
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what are the 4 scenarios that are problematic of tumors?
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1) location - impingement on adjacent strucutres
2) functional activity - hormones 3) bleeding and secondary infxns 4) acute symptoms due to rupture or infarction |
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what is an example of a benign tumor that may destroy its source?
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benign pituitary adenoma destroying rest of gland fxn
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cancer patients suffer from body fat and muscle wasting accompanied by :
weakness anorexia anemia a syndrome know as ? |
cachexia
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what are 2 examples of signals that may lead to cachexia? and what are they secreted by?
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TNF - alpha
IL-2 -tumor or host secretion |
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symptoms unexplained by local/distant spread of tumor or by elaboration of hormones indigenous to tissue are known as?
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paraneoplastic syndromes
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what % of patients present with paraneoplastic syndromes?
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10% cancer patients
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what are 3 importances of paraneoplastic syndromes?
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1) earliest manifestation of occult tumor
2) present with clinical problems that can be lethal 3) mimic metastatic disease = confounding tx |
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a clinical syndrome that may result from small cell carcinoma of the lung, pancreatic carcinoma or neural tumors =?
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Cushings syndrome by ACTH secreting tumors
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define:
Grade - ? Stage-? in determining parameters of cancer? |
Grade: level of differentiation
Stage: extent of cancer spread |
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what is the grade system of classifying cancers?
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I - IV with increasing anaplasia
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between grading and staging of cancers, which has the most clinical value?
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staging
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what is Staging of Cancer based on? (3)
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1) size of primary lesion
2) extent of lymph node spread 3) blood-borne metastases present or not |
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What are the 2 major staging systems?
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UICC (union international contre cancer)
AJC (American Joint Committee) |
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The UICC uses the TMN system which denotes?
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T = size T0 = in situ - T4
N = number of nodes : N0 = 0 - N3 M = number of mets : M0 = 0 - M2 |
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The AJC uses a system that divides stages how?
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0-IV
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what is crucial in diagnosis for the clinician? (2)
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1) clinical data
2) adequate, properly preserved specimen |
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what are the 3 common approaches for histological isolation of cancer?
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1) excision / biopsy
2) fine need aspiration 3) cytologic smears |
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Immunocytochemistry is capable of identifying
1) categorization of undifferentiated malignant tumors ex? 2) categorization of leukemias/lymphomas ex? 3) ________ by example the prostate specific antigen 4) detection of prognostic or therapeutic significance ex? |
1) keratin in tumors of epithelial origin
2) T/B cell tumors 3) determination of site of origin for metastatic tumors 4) estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells |
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the following are all examples of_____?
1) diagnosis of malignant tumors ex? 2) prognosis of malignant neoplasms: Nmyc gene deletions of 1p for _____? 3) detection of residual disease: using _____ such with chronic myeloid leukemia 4) _______? ex: germ line mutations increasing risks of cancer |
molecular diagnosis
1) benign (polyclonal) v. malig (monoclonal) 2) neuroblastoma 3) PCR amplification 4) hereditary predisposition |
