Need To Know

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comparative historical methods

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are a set of techniques and approaches for doing sociology across or within different countries or time periods

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path dependency

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must understand sequence of events that caused a final event

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Public Documents and official records

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meetings or congress, court records, laws

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private documents

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(not intended for public)
diaries, letters, hospital records

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mass media

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newspapers
tv
study events based on reportings

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physical, non verbal materials

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artifacts

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social science archives

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books, articles written by historians

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variable oriented approach

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quantitative and deductive
use large # of countries and search for a generalized pattern across comparative historical units (years, countries)

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deductive

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specify hypothesis to be tested then include widest population with relavent observations

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case oriented approach

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qualitative
examine small amount of cases, attempt to construct a deep understanding of the cases, and develop a specific explanation that illustrates some social theory (doesn't prove or disprove), often relies on secondary archival sources, more interpretive

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2 methods of Case Oriented Approach

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Mills Method of Agreement, Mills indirect method of difference

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mills method of agreement

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if 2 or more instances of phenomena have only one of several causes in common then that common circumstance is the cause,

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problems with mills method of agreement

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limited amount of causes, spuriousness

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mills indirect method of difference

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1st identify instances of phenomena and use method of agreement, then identify similar cases where phenomena did not occur (but possibly could have) and check to be sure causes did not occur, eliminate supuriousness, use negative cases

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Unique Leverage on theory

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1. higher level of theory testing,2. generate theory in unknown terrain, 3. reconicel anomalous cases, 4. evaluate necessary and sufficient causes

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concept analysis

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provides chance to develop more comprehensive and deeper definitions for core sociological concepts
typologies
use check list
family resemblance

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typologies

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identify sets of similar cases in terms of unrelated concepts

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use checklist

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treat conceptual attributes as individually necessary, jointly sufficient for membership into that category

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family resemblance

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no single attribute shared by all members of a category but the members resembe one another on at least some attributes

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process analysis

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causation is a matter of sequence, historical data over time is best for analyzing sequences,ch scholars attempt to specify the mechanisms through which individual variables exert and effect dv

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conjunctural causation

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multiple combination of things that lead to an outcome

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triangulation

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joining the quantitative and qualitative, use different perspectoves to better understand phenomena

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multiple methods

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multiple measures 1 study
repeating and replicating
combined strategies
team work

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what causes continuing order development

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colonialism: influences persistent rankings
labor intensive landed estates
dense indigenous populations

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why evaluate

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administrative purposes
impact assessment
efficiency assessment
evaluating conventional practices

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types of evaluative research

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formative, summative

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formative

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before program is established, planning and implementation

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summative

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existing programs effectiveness and impact
purpose of evaluation
study other programs
contstruct flow models
target-intervention-outcome

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measurement and design

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specifying population, specifying outcomes
specifying interventions
assessing context

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logistical problems

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mismatch in science and policy research, managing projects is much tougher

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ethical issues

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public/private conflicts
withholding treatment

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use of results

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agenda by interest groups
go no go decision
developing rationale for action
legitimation+accountability

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problems when

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not presented effectively
contracted deeply held beliefs
vested interests (something to lose)
not knowledge limitations

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how to critique

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connecting theory and research
making a contribution
consumers guide to research

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connecting theory and research

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1.improve understanding of phenomena
2. should be important in real world
3.dealing with theoretical problems
4. front end/back end problems,(raise qu's can't answer)

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making a contribution

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1.choose important hypothesis that no one has systematically studied
2. choose hypothesis suspected false, scrutinize it
3. attempt to resolve a controversy in literature
4. design study to illuminate/eval assumptions
5. argue an overlooked topic

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consumers guide to research

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research design: who paid, conducted. unit of analysis
measurement: variables, how operationalized/measured
sampling: frame, technique
method
data analysis:
contribution

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deontology

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do not harm no matter what, there are no ends that justify means, harm is physical and psychological

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potential harm

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before doing a study try to estimate what potential harm might be

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teleological

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means evaluating the potential harm vs the potential benefits, if benefits > harm its ethical

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institutional review board

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reviews all research with human subjects except students doing for class

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review process

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3 categories
review before research starts
1. exempt
2. expediated
3. full

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informed consent

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tell subject about study including potential risks and expected benefits

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participation

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subjects should understand what they will be asked if they participate

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voluntary

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subjects should know they do not have to participate, they can stop at any time

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risk and benefits

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subjects should understand risk and any rewards

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consent

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individual has to sign a form, most be kep on file for five years

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confidentiality

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must secure before
forms kept separate
no identifying info in data
after data is constructed 5 yrs before identifying info should be destroyed

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deception and debriefing

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cover stories in experiments, necessary solution is debriefing minimize effect of the deception