Nd Chapter 14

Front 1

approximately _____% of pregnancies are unplanned

Back 1

50%

Front 2

medical attention may not occur until after the first 2 to 3 months

Back 2

during pregnancy

Front 3

-HIV-positive status or AIDS; poor control of ____________ and hypertension
-women should aim for a healthy weight prior to becoming pregnant
-eliminate tobacco
-avoid alcohol consumption and illegal drugs
-evaluate medications and herbal therapies

Back 3

many practices or conditions of the mother can harm the developing infant

Front 4

meeting ________ needs helps to prevent birth defects (spina bifida) and decreases the
risk of preterm delivery

Back 4

folate

Front 5

low intakes of calcium and iron are also a concern

Back 5

during pregnancy

Front 6

union of the egg cell and sperm cell during fertilization produces the ______

Back 6

zygote

Front 7

at 14 days the group of cells is called an _____________

Back 7

embryo

Front 8

the developing offspring in utero from the beginning of the third week to the
end of the eight week after conception

Back 8

embryo

Front 9

within___ days the heart is beating and the embryo is ___ of an inch long

Back 9

35; 1/30
eyes and limb buds are visible

Front 10

at eight weeks the embryo is called a______

Back 10

fetus

Front 11

the organ that nourishes the fetus

Back 11

placenta

Front 12

-provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus
-removes fetal waste
-releases hormones that maintain pregnancy

Back 12

placenta

Front 13

the first trimester ends at ____ weeks

Back 13

13
most organs are formed and fetal movement is noted

Front 14

during the____trimester, the embryo or fetus is most susceptible to major structural
abnormalities

Back 14

first

Front 15

-nutritional deficiencies
-adverse reactions to medications; illegal drugs
-smoking or alcohol intake
-high vitamin A intake
-trauma or radiation exposure

Back 15

major structural
abnormalities

Front 16

most spontaneous abortions occur during the_____ trimester

Back 16

first

Front 17

premature terminations of pregnancy that occur naturally

Back 17

spontaneous abortions

Front 18

early spontaneous abortions (miscarriage) usually result from a ___________ defect or
fatal error in fetal development

Back 18

genetic defect

Front 19

smoking, alcohol abuse, use of aspirin or NSAIDs and illicit drugs increase risk

Back 19

increase risk of spontaneous abortion

Front 20

fetus weighs ~ one ounce at the beginning of the _____ trimester

Back 20

second

Front 21

appendages are fully formed; fetus has ears and begins to form tooth sockets in its jawbone

Back 21

Second Trimester

Front 22

fetus may suck thumb and kick strongly enough to be felt by the mother

Back 22

Second Trimester

Front 23

mother’s breast weight increases

Back 23

Second Trimester

Front 24

___% increase due to the development of milk-producing cells and fat deposition (2 to 4
pounds) for lactation

Back 24

30

Front 25

the period of _________ secretion following pregnancy

Back 25

milk (lactation)

Front 26

___ stored in the breasts serves as an energy source to produce breast milk

Back 26

fat

Front 27

fetus weighs 2 to 3 pounds at the beginning of the________ trimester

Back 27

third trimester

Front 28

fetus will double in length and will increase its weight 3 to 4 times

Back 28

Third Trimester

Front 29

major maternal concern is the depletion of __________

Back 29

maternal iron stores by the fetus
(third trimester)

Front 30

after____weeks of gestation, infant has a good chance for survival if cared for in a nursery for high-risk
newborns

Back 30

26

Front 31

period of intrauterine development

Back 31

gestation

Front 32

-time period from conception to birth
-40 weeks after the woman’s last menstrual period

Back 32

gestation

Front 33

preterm (infant born before ____ weeks of gestation)

Back 33

37

Front 34

-insufficient growth and development of the lungs
-decrease in vitamin (mainly vitamin A), minerals (iron and calcium) and fat
stores that are normally accumulated during the last month of pregnancy
-poor ability to suck and swallow

Back 34

preterm

Front 35

at 9 months, fetus weighs____pounds and is ~ 20 inches long

Back 35

7 to 9; 20

Front 36

-a gestation period longer than 37 weeks
-sufficient lung development is likely to have occurred by this time
-a birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds
-the longer the gestation, the greater the ultimate birth weight and maturation state
-overall, a successful pregnancy is the outcome of a complex interplay between genes, various
lifestyle practices and the environment

Back 36

infant goals

Front 37

associated with preterm birth
-less than 5.5 pounds

Back 37

low birth weight

Front 38

-full-term and preterm infants that weigh less than the expected weight for their
duration of gestation (the result of insufficient growth)
-more likely than normal-weight infants to have medical complications
-problems with blood glucose control
-temperature regulation
-problems with growth and development

Back 38

small for gestational age (SGA)

Front 39

the chances of producing a healthy baby are maximized with _____________, an adequate diet
and early and consistent prenatal care

Back 39

education

Front 40

recommended age for pregnancy is between 20 and ____ years of age

Back 40

35

Front 41

more likely to be underweight at the start of pregnancy and gain too little weight during
pregnancy

Back 41

pregnant teens

Front 42

__% of low birth weight infants are born to teenage mothers

Back 42

16

Front 43

the risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery increase modestly with maternal age beyond___ years

Back 43

35

Front 44

appears to increase the risk of birth defects, sudden infant death and childhood cancer

Back 44

smoking

Front 45

many chemicals in recreational drugs can cross the ___________ and affect the fetus

Back 45

placenta

Front 46

can result in reduced blood flow to the uterus and placenta (results in poor fetal
growth) and increases the risk of low birth weight and premature delivery

Back 46

marijuana

Front 47

-pregnant women, newborn infants and people with depressed immune function may
suffer severe symptoms
-spontaneous abortion
-serious blood infections

Back 47

Listeria infections

Front 48

-________________ milk, soft cheeses made from raw milk and raw cabbage are food sources

Back 48

unpasteurized (Listeria)

Front 49

extra nutrients and calories are ____ for fetal growth and development

Back 49

required

Front 50

extra nutrients and calories are _____ for maternal body changes

Back 50

necessary

Front 51

-placental development
-growth of the uterus and breasts
-blood volume increases
-body fat stores increase
-__________ and kidneys work harder

Back 51

heart

Front 52

a daily diet containing only _____ kcal is shown to greatly restrict fetal growth and development

Back 52

1000

Front 53

calorie needs during the____ trimester are essentially the same as for the non-pregnant woman

Back 53

first

Front 54

average pregnancy requires 350 to 450 kcal more per _____ during the second and third
trimesters

Back 54

day

Front 55

some research suggests regular physical activity can lower a woman’s risk of developing
____ and _____

Back 55

gestational diabetes and preeclampsia

Front 56

2 to 4 pounds of weight gain during the first ______________

Back 56

trimester

Front 57

¾ to 1 pound of weight gain per week during the ___ and _____

Back 57

second and third trimester

Front 58

a healthy goal for total weight gain for a woman of normal weight averages ____ to 35 pounds

Back 58

25

Front 59

the weight gain should yield a birth weight of ~ _____ pounds

Back 59

7.5 pounds

Front 60

women carrying twins should gain _____ pounds; if carrying triplets, weight gain ~ 50 pounds

Back 60

35 to 45

Front 61

-diabetes, hypertension, blood clots and spontaneous abortions
-for the fetus, there is a greater risk for birth defects and macrosomia (the fetus grows larger
than average in utero and may lead to a Cesarian section)

Back 61

overweight and obesity during pregnancy

Front 62

should not be encouraged to lose weight

Back 62

if a woman gains too much weight during pregnancy

Front 63

if a woman is not gaining enough weight

Back 63

should not be encouraged to rapidly gain weight

Front 64

RDA for protein increases by an additional___grams per day

Back 64

25

Front 65

RDA for carbohydrate increases to ___ grams per day

Back 65

175 (prevents ketosis)

Front 66

_________ bodies are thought to be poorly used by the fetal brain, implying possible
slowing of fetal brain development

Back 66

ketone

Front 67

maintain 20% to ____% of total calories from fat

Back 67

30 (during pregnancy)

Front 68

pregnancy is ___ a time for a low-fat diet

Back 68

not

Front 69

the American Heart Association recommends no more than 7% of total calories from _____
and no more than 1% from _____

Back 69

saturated fats; trans fat

Front 70

important to consume adequate _____ during pregnancy

Back 70

essential fatty acids

Front 71

-essential fatty acids are required for fetal growth, brain development and ____ development

Back 71

eye

Front 72

vitamin A intake should only increase by ~ ___%;

Back 72

10

Front 73

folate is required for _______ synthesis and therefore cell division

Back 73

DNA

Front 74

folate is required in the construction of ___ blood cells

Back 74

red

Front 75

___ deficiency is associated with neural tube defects (spina bifida)

Back 75

folate

Front 76

pregnant women need extra iodide for prevention of ____________

Back 76

goiter

Front 77

___ supports proper growth and development

Back 77

zinc

Front 78

iron is needed to synthesize ________ (red blood cells) for the mother during
pregnancy and to provide iron stores for the fetus

Back 78

hemoglobin

Front 79

_____ is required for mineralization of the fetal skeleton and teeth

Back 79

calcium

Front 80

active, 24 year old woman, 2200 kcal, first trimester)

Back 80

MyPyramid

Front 81

-sufficient protein
-vitamin D and vitamin B-6
-calcium, iron and zinc
-vitamin B-___ supplement
-use of a prenatal multivitamin and mineral supplement is advocated

Back 81

12 (vegans diet during preconception and pregnancy)

Front 82

-generally do not face special difficulties in meeting nutritional needs during pregnancy
-main concern is meeting folate, iron, zinc and vitamin B-6 needs

Back 82

lactoovovegetarians and lactovegetarians

Front 83

some women crave nonfood items

Back 83

pica

Front 84

produced by the placenta relax muscles in the uterus and GI tract

Back 84

hormones (like progesterone)

Front 85

-stomach acids can reflux into the __________________

Back 85

esophagus

Front 86

-often results as the ________ muscles relax during pregnancy

Back 86

constipation

Front 87

results from excessive straining during elimination

Back 87

Hemorrhoids

Front 88

placental hormones cause various body tissues to retain _________ during pregnancy

Back 88

fluid (results in edema - swelling)

Front 89

nausea experienced during the early stages of pregnancy

Back 89

Morning Sickness

Front 90

-avoid fried or greasy foods
-cook with good ventilation
-eat saltine crackers or dry cereal prior to getting out of bed
-eat smaller, more frequent meals
-avoid large fluid intakes early in the morning
-_________ in prenatal supplements may trigger nausea in some women

Back 90

iron (steps for controlling mild nausea)

Front 91

-normal increase in blood _______ during pregnancy that dilutes the concentration of red blood cells
-a mother’s blood volume usually expands ~ 150% above normal
-red blood cells increase gradually to 20% to 30% above normal
-leads to a dilution of ____ blood cells
-a pregnant woman has a lower ratio of red blood cells to total volume

Back 91

volume
red
(physiological anemia)

Front 92

placental hormones decrease the efficiency of _______________

Back 92

insulin
(Gestational Diabetes)

Front 93

_______ evels tend to return to normal after birth

Back 93

blood glucose l

Front 94

occurs in 3% to 5% of pregnancies

Back 94

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

Front 95

-high blood pressure and edema
-excess protein in the urine
-blood clotting changes
-nervous system disorders

Back 95

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

Front 96

mild cases are known as preeclampsia

Back 96

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

Front 97

severe cases of pregnancy induced hypertension are known as _____________

Back 97

eeclampsia

Front 98

bottle feeding with an infant formula is safe for infants but _____ equal the benefits derived
from human milk

Back 98

does not

Front 99

recommend breastfeeding exclusively for the first ____ months

Back 99

6

Front 100

-many problems in breastfeeding are due to a _______

Back 100

lack of appropriate information

Front 101

an anterior pituitary gland hormone

Back 101

prolactin

Front 102

stimulates the breast tissue to release milk (let-down reflex)

Back 102

oxytocin

Front 103

also stimulates the smooth muscle of the _____________ to contract during childbirth

Back 103

uterus (oxytocin)

Front 104

Cow’s milk should not be used in infant feeding until the infant is ____ year old

Back 104

one

Front 105

-too high in ___________
-too high in protein
-proteins in cow’s milk may spur allergies in the infant
-does not contain enough carbohydrate to meet infant needs
-the major milk protein in cow’s milk is harder for an infant to digest as compared to
proteins in human milk

Back 105

mineral (problems associated with cow’s milk)

Front 106

first fluid secreted by the human breast during late pregnancy and the first few days
after birth

Back 106

Colostrum

Front 107

Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria limit the growth of potentially toxic bacteria in the __________

Back 107

intestine

Front 108

is essentially like cream
-released 10 to 20 minutes into the feeding
-infants need to nurse long enough to acquire this energy rich milk

Back 108

hind milk

Front 109

the fat composition of human milk changes during ______

Back 109

each feeding

Front 110

-vomiting or diarrhea
-fever
-______ weather
-follow the advice of a physician

Back 110

hot (supplemental water for infant)

Front 111

the ___ kcal difference should contribute to gradual loss of extra body fat acquired during pregnancy

Back 111

300

Front 112

milk production requires ~ _____ kcal per day

Back 112

800

Front 113

the Estimated Energy Requirement for lactation is ____ to _____ kcal above pre-pregnancy
conditions

Back 113

400 to 500

Front 114

____ cups of fluid per day for the mother encourages ample milk production

Back 114

13

Front 115

low iodide status during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to ________________

Back 115

cretinism

Front 116

decreases the risk of neural tube defects in the developing fetus

Back 116

adequate folate intake

Front 117

act to minimize the damage created by free radicals

Back 117

antioxidant systems

Front 118

decreases the mother’s absorption of ________ and may reduce blood flow through the placenta

Back 118

iron

Front 119

component of aspartame (artificial sweetener; Nutrisweet and Equal)

Back 119

phenylalanine

Front 120

women are ____ to drink any alcohol during pregnancy or when there is a chance
pregnancy may occur

Back 120

advised not

Front 121

mercury contamination can harm the ______ system of the fetus

Back 121

nervous