Nautical Archaeology Final

Front 1

Kvalsund Dates/Location

Back 1

approximately AD 700, bog in Norway

Front 2

Kvalsund dimensions

Back 2

length of 60 ft and a breadth of 10 ft, smaller than the Sutton Hoo ship,

Front 3

Kvalsund construction

Back 3

has only 8 planking strakes to either side of the keel, only 20 rowers in total, oak planking, but the pine frames

Front 4

Kvalsund what was it

Back 4

Like the Hjortspring and Nydam ships, it was an offering to the war gods.

Front 5

Kvalsund lashing

Back 5

had frames that were still lashed below the waterline, but above, the frames were attached to the two uppermost strakes with treenails.

Front 6

Kvalsund, interesting notes

Back 6

no mast step or rigging elements were found, had sever curve of the stem and sternpost, first time in a Scandinavian ship, a rudimentary keel.

Front 7

Kvalsund steering oar

Back 7

earliest ship that shows how the steering oar on Scandinavian ships was fastened. On teh inside of the hull, where the steering oar is mounted, is strong frame. Cordage passes through the oar, a conically-shaped block of wood, through the hull, and then through the frame.

Front 8

Kvalsund how it handled

Back 8

Could stand rougher springs, super wave breaker

Front 9

Oseberg location/dates

Back 9

found near Oslo, Norway in 1905. It dates to AD 800

Front 10

Oseberg burial ship

Back 10

burial of a Viking noblewoman, along with an elderly female companion.

Front 11

Oseberg burial goods on ship

Back 11

three dogs, an ox, an ornately-carved wagon, and thirteen horses, pulling three ornately-carved sleighs, some collapsable bedsteads, an oak chest fastened with iron naills with tinned heads, a wooden bucket with brass fittings probably made in Ireland, and other household goods including tapestries.

Front 12

Oseberg dimensions

Back 12

built entirely of oak, and is 70 ft long and 17 ft broad.

Front 13

Oseberg decoration

Back 13

richly-decorated with carvings, especially the posts and caprail.

Front 14

Oseberg steering oar

Back 14

similar to other Scandinavian ships, with a wooden button at the outer end of a withy, passing through the strake, and lashed to the frame, with a conical block of wood and a strap to hold the loom of the oar at the level of the sheer strake, with a tiller attached to the top of the loom.

Front 15

Oseberg construction

Back 15

lapstrake, clinker construction with iron rivets

Front 16

Oseberg type of vessel

Back 16

karv.

Front 17

Oseberg hull

Back 17

Since the ship sailed in deep waters, the hull had a substantially v-shaped bottom with a well-developed keel.

Front 18

Oseberg stability?

Back 18

It was a wide vessel, with a lenght-to-beam ratio of just over 4 to 1, making her a stable sailor.

Front 19

Oseberg hogging problem?

Back 19

such a broad, low hull with a high bow and stern would have tended to hog - that is, either end would droop, were it not for the substantially v-shaped bottom and the well-developed keel which combined to form a strong backbone.

Front 20

Oseberg rowed or sailed?

Back 20

both rowed and sailed. The sheer plank on either side has 15 ports for oars - so there were 30 rowers in total. Note that these are oarports, not thole pins.

Front 21

Oseberg mast step

Back 21

Vikings called a mast step a carling (old lady). Thsi mast step is quite short, and only rests on two frames.

Front 22

mast step/fish

Back 22

mast step distributed the weight of the mast over a very small area of the hull. At deck level, it was supported by a mast partner in the shape of a fish, and is thus called a mast fish.

Front 23

Oseberg comparison

Back 23

very much like the Hjortspring, Nydam and Kvalsund hulls. the frames are lashed to the planking

Front 24

oseberg meginhufr

Back 24

"("strong plank"). uppermost of the bottom planking strakes, located at the level of the cross beams. It is thicker than the other bottom planks and takes the shap of an inverted 1 in cross-section.

Front 25

oseberg new construction feature

Back 25

for the first time, we see vertical knees scarfed and nailed to the upper sides of the cross beams at their ends.deck of the Oseberg ship consisted of short sections of planking that rested on ledges cut along either edge of teh upper face of the cross beams.

Front 26

Gokstad location dates

Back 26

uncovered in 1880 near Oslo, Norwaydates to AD 850

Front 27

Gokstad purpose

Back 27

another Viking noblewoman burial. She was buried in a wooden burial chamber on the deck of the ship in the later part of the 9th century.

Front 28

Gokstad burial goods

Back 28

twelve horses, six dogs and a peacock.

Front 29

Gokstad difference from oseberg

Back 29

this karv was designed to sail in teh open sea and so her freeboard was increased by two planking strakes above the planking strake with the oar ports (oar strake).

Front 30

Gokstad construction

Back 30

built completely of oak, hull consists of 16 one-inch-thick planking strakes to either side of an extremely well-developed keel

Front 31

gokstad meginhufr

Back 31

meginhufr is smaller than oseberg.. it is only a slightly-thicker plank now.

Front 32

gokstad new construction finding

Back 32

new element in teh hulls' framing: in order to give more structural integrity to all four side planking strakes, side frames set just next to the knees are fastened to all four side planking strakes.

Front 33

gokstad sailed or rowed?

Back 33

When not sailing, the Gokstad ship was rowed by 32 rowers, very seaworthy

Front 34

gokstad length to breadth ratio

Back 34

4-1/3-1

Front 35

skuldelev background

Back 35

five much-repaired and worn out Viking ships that were deliberately sank around the year AD 1000 to block a ship channel giving access to the town of Roskilde, in Denmark

Front 36

skuldelev importance

Back 36

important because little to nothing was previously known about Viking merchant vessels in which long distance trade was conducted.

Front 37

Skuldelev Two

Back 37

Longship - drakkar, 92 ft long, About 30 rooms/frames, War vessel, raiding craft, 2 rowers in each room, Made for rapid movement of people

Front 38

Skuldelev Three

Back 38

open cargo hold, no ceiling planking, sides of teh hull were strengthened by light interior strakes, called stringers, well-suited to shorter journeys

Front 39

skuldelev five

Back 39

was a warship, Drakkar, 60 feet, Very narrow, 8 ft wide, Made of oak and ash, Fixed up with pieces of other boats, Military transport vessel, Quick in, quick out, stealthy, Did not have high sides, Raiding craft, Planks were riveted

Front 40

Hanseatic League

Back 40

Towards the end of the 12th century, a number of German maritime trading towns in the Baltic began to join together in order to serve their common interests. dominated maritime trade in Northern Europe.

Front 41

cog (type of ship)

Back 41

All cogs have: Straight, steep stem and sternposts
High, clinker-built sides
Their bottoms are relatively flat
The stern rudder was more suitable than the side or quarter rudder.
A single square sail

Front 42

cog main points review

Back 42

Main Point Review

Bottom strakes were edge joined on each side of a keel.
Strakes were nailed to inner frames.
After the chine, the sides of the vessel were lapstrake or clinker built.
Not riveted like Scandinavian vessels, but clenched nails.
Extremely high sides with throughbeams to strengthen the upper hull.
Nearly flat bottoms - originating in the shallow waters of Holland and Germany.

Front 43

Bremen Cog

Back 43

best-preserved cog in existence.

Front 44

Bremen cog mast step

Back 44

extended the entire length of the hull, making it a true keelson

Front 45

bremen cog riding bitt

Back 45

the bow there is a through beam above the level of the deck. An anchor would have been tied to it originally.

Front 46

bremen cog windlass

Back 46

On the main deck underneath the stern castle was a windlass. It was used for hauling in anchor cables, and for raising cargo.

Front 47

bremen cog capstan

Back 47

On the stern deck there is a capstan used primariloy for raising the sail, as well as cargo.

Front 48

vasa transom sterns

Back 48

transom permitted heavier construction, especially for a more developed rudder assembly.

Front 49

vasa quarter deck

Back 49

lowest deck in the sterncastle is called the quarter deck because it is located above teh ship's stern quarters.

Front 50

vasa half deck

Back 50

The middle deck, because it was a shorter deck then the quarter deck is called the half deck.

Front 51

vasa poop deck

Back 51

The uppermost deck is called the poop deck, from teh Latin word puppis, which means stern.

Front 52

vasa beak-head (head)

Back 52

In place of the overhanging forecast of the carrack, vessels like Vasa had a lower-set projection proceeding from the hull itself, a short of continuation of the main deck, extending under the bowsprit

Front 53

Vasa background

Back 53

King Gustavus Adolfus of Sweden's prized flagship, completed in 1628 and was the greatest warship of the Swedish Navy... for a few hours before it sank upon leaving port

Front 54

vasa recovery

Back 54

1956 it was found by an amateur historian and archaeologist named Anders Franzen, brought up by cables w/ cranes to be excavated

Front 55

vasa catheads

Back 55

timber projecting forward and outward from either forward corner of the main deck. These have two slots for pulley sheaves at their outer end. They are called catheads and served for the raising of the ship's anchors up against the side of the ship.

Front 56

ratlines

Back 56

formed ladders that made it easy to ascend up into the rigging. Ratlines first appear in northern European ship representations in around 1400 AD - they were a Northern invention.

Front 57

carrack basics

Back 57

three-masted ships, have main-mast, foremast, mizzen mast, from front to back, you have the fore-, main-, and mizzen-masts.

Front 58

carrack main-mast

Back 58

largest, primary mast, located in the middle of the ship

Front 59

carrack foremast

Back 59

Forward of main-mast

Front 60

carrack mizzen mast

Back 60

aft of main-mast

Front 61

four-masted carracks

Back 61

start About midway through the 15th century, fourth mast is much smaller and spaced aft of the mizzen and is called a bonaventure mast, had bonaventure lateen (triangular) sails.

Front 62

Descharges

Back 62

In 1501, a Frenchman named Descharges who got the idea of cutting gun ports into the sides of ships' hulls below the level of the main deck.would give ship lower center of gravity, give better stability

Front 63

Mary Rose background

Back 63

one of the first English warships to carry medium-sized siege cannons on a purpose-built gun deck located beneath her main deck, built in 1509 by Henry VIII and was a four-masted Carrack of 600 tons.

Front 64

Mary Rose guns

Back 64

91 guns, many large cannon, 50 bronze cannon, rest are iron

Front 65

Mary Rose sunk

Back 65

sunk during naval battle with french at portsmouth, england in 1545. put 700 fighters on board, sank in 40 ft of water

Front 66

Mary Rose recovery original

Back 66

tried to recover right after sank, attached cables to other ships to try to lift, failed, tore out mainmast, forgotten after that

Front 67

Mary Rose 1836 recovery

Back 67

Charles and John Deane, two English brothers who invented the first really practical, modern hardhat diving rig relocated her and in 1836 and again in 1840 salvaged some artifacts. They recovered several items in very good condition including guns, personal items and other pieces.

Front 68

Mary Rose Trust

Back 68

Removal of overburden within and around the hull.
Removal of all contents within the hull and of loose hull remains inside and outside the hull.
Re-enforcement of the hull, replacign lots iron fastenings if necessary, and preparing the hull for recovery, and.
The raising of the hull and taking it ashore for conservation and museum display in Portsmouth, where she was built in the 16th century.

Front 69

Four of Mary Rose's decks have survived today.

Back 69

The first deck above the hold is the orlop deck.
this is the deck that orlops, or overruns the hold.
Next comes the gun deck;
Then, the main deck, or weather deck.
It is called this since that part of the deck is in the waist, that is,between the sterncastle and the forecastle, exposed to the elements.
Finally, a small portion of the lowest deck of the sterncastle has survived in place.

Front 70

Mary Rose the murderer

Back 70

it is a rail gun. It was filled like a shotgun with small shot, either metallic or stone, and hooked to the rail of the ship, to prevent recoil, and fired to clear the enemy's deck.

Front 71

Port Royal June 7, 1692

Back 71

Giant earthquake comes just before noon.
Liquefies the sand and causes 2/3 of Port Royal to sink under the sea.
2000 died immediately
2000+ more died in the following weeks due to disease and lack of water.
Turns the Port Royal into a catastrophic site like Pompeii or Herculaneum.

Front 72

Port Royal artifacts

Back 72

Arawak Indian artifacts
Reflections of first inhabitants of the island
gold
silver
pottery

Front 73

Hunley sub info

Back 73

No motor, hand-cracked vessel, 40 ft long,First successful submarine in silent service, wasn’t the first in general, Called fish boat, fish torpedo boat etc, “The Coffin”

Front 74

hunley sub How put together

Back 74

Vessel was not solid piece, bunch of iron plates rivoted together, Machining was so precise, it was good fit, Screw-driven, Central drive for ship, When put to trial, major issues surfaced

Front 75

hunley success and destruction

Back 75

Feb 17 1864, plants charge on housatonic, backs up, housatonic sinks, housatonic person shot at the sub and blew hole in hunley, took on water, got confused, lost, sank