Natural Selection And Evolution

Front 1

Evolution

Back 1

A genetic change in the characteristics of a species over many generations, resulting in the formation of new species.

Front 2

Generation

Back 2

The time between the birth of an individual and when that individual produces their own offspring.

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Species share the same genes...

Back 3

...shares the same ancestors.

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Homologous structures

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Characteristics that have the same basic structure in related species.

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Homologous structures controlled by...

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... particular inherited genes.

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Analogous structure

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Structures that look similar genetically very different organisms.

Different genes are involved in their inheritance.

Front 7

Artificial selection

Back 7

The process by which we choose to breed in particular organisms with desirable features

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2 main selective breeding methods

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Cross-breeding

Inbreeding

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Cross-breeding

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The process of combining in the offspring a desirable feature of 1 individual with a different desirable feature of another individual.

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Inbreeding

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The production of offspring from the breeding of individuals that have closed genetic relations.

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Problems with inbreeding

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Cause health issues in offspring such as deformities, sterility, genetic diseases.

Not as much issues in plant breeding

Front 12

Natural selection

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The change in proportion of a particular genotype of a species over many generations due to environmental selection of a phenotype.

Hint 12

Species selected by environmental factors to breed but not intentionally

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Selective agent

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The environmental factors that act on the population. Biotic

Biotic factors

Physical factors

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Biotic factors

Back 14

Factors that caused by others.

Probation, bacteria infection, competitions.

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Sexual selection

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When an individual is more preferred by other individuals to breed

Count as biotic factors

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Physical factors

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Temperature, water, soil, nutrients, fire

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Selection pressure

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The effects of natural selection on the population

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What is the cause of variations?

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Caused by differences in genes which result different characteristics.

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Why does insecticides no longer work overtime

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Some insects have natural resistance

Only resistant insects survive after spraying

Other insects move into the area and breed with the resistant ones Offsprings are

Offsprings are resistant and survive sprays

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The poison spray resistance

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The ability of insects to survive insecticides

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Bacteria

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Microscopic single-celled organisms

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How do bacteria reproduce

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By dividing in half making two copies of themselves

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Antibiotics

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Chemicals that defend against bacteria

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Species

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A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offsprings under natural conditions

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Ways to determine if two organisms are the same species

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Test by breeding, offspring sterile means different species

Study DNA and identify similarities in amino acid arrangement in protein

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Speciation

Back 26

The process by which one species splits into two or more separate species

Responsible for biodiversity

Hint 26

What is speciation responsible for

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Biodiversity

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The number and range of different species that exist, whole Earth or any of Earth's ecosystem

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3 steps of speciation

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1. variation

2. isolation

3. selection

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Isolation

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Keeping interbreeding groups apart by some barrier or mechanisms

Prevent new genes to flow throughout population

Cause by geographical barriers on climatic barriers

Hint 29

What does it prevent

What is it caused by

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Transitional forms

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Fossils that have features of two or more different groups

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How to compare genes between species

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Compared with protein amino acid sequence

Compare positions of amino acid on the protein to show how closely related two species are

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What makes up the protein chains

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Amino acid

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Name the protein found in all living organisms

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Cytochrome c

Use for comparing genes between species

Hint 33

What is it used for

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Distribution

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A map of all different places where a species occurs

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Embryology

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The study of the development, structure, and function of embryos

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Embryos were same anatomy...

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...share some same genes with development.

Same genes exert different effects on different species.