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100 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are classifications of natural resources?
Fertile soil, products of the land, products of water, groundwater, ecosystems, and energy resources.
Biotic
Living (ex. plants, animals)
Abiotic
Non-living (ex. nutrient cycling)
Nonrenewable resources
Fossil fuels, nonmetallic mineral(glass, sand, salt), and metals.
What is the problem?
Population growth, excessive resource consumption, and pollution.
What are the biological principles of sustainability?
Conservation, recycling, renewable-resource use, restoration, population control, and adaptability.
What are the three components of sustainability?
Economic, environmental, and social.
History conservation 19th century
-1700's to 1800's-limitiless resources
-need for soil conservation
-John Muir-HetchHetchy Dam
-1872-first national park (Yellowstone)
-1890-two more parks (Yosimite & Sequoia)
-1891-28 forest reserves
Conservation 20th century
-First wave (1901-1909)
Theodore Roosevelt
1st Natural Resource Inventory
-Second wave (1933-1941)
Franklin Roosevelt
Dust Bowl
2nd NR Inventory
-Third wave (1960-1980)
Rachel Carson (1962)
Paul Ehrlich
April 22nd 1969
Decade of the environment
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
-Fourth wave (1980-present)
Sustainability
What is the Organizational Hierarchy?
-Smallest to largest-
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Landscape
Biome
Biosphere
Individual
Individual organisms are intimately connected with the environment and pass genetic material to the next generation.
Population
Group of individual of the same species that occupy a given area.
Community
All populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem.
Ecosystem
A community plus the physical environment (biotic and abiotic).
Landscape
An area of land or water composed of a patchwork of communities and ecosystems.
Biome
Geographic region having similar geological and climatic conditions that support similar types of communities and ecosystems. (13 major biomes)
Bioshere
The thin layer about the Earth that supports all life.
Scientific Method
Observation, questions emerge, develop hypothesis, and predictions.
Hypothesis
A proposed answer to a question.
Prediction
Test hypothesis through observation and experiments.
Sustainable development
Is a strategy to meet human needs in ways that do not prevent future generations and other species from meeting their needs.
Pollution
Is to make something impure or to contaminate.
Exponential growth
Occurs when something grows by a fixed percentage and the increase is added to the base amount.
Who is John Muir?
He devoted his life to conservation. Because of him US congress established three national parks in the 1800's and he founded the Sierra Club.
Who is Gifford Pinchot?
He was head of the US forest service from 1898 to 1910 and he spearheaded the utilitarian approach.
Who is Aldo Leopold?
He was a wildlife ecologist by trade. And he proposed a land ethic in 1933.
Sustained yield
Says that renewable resources should be managed so that they will never be exhausted.
Ecology
Is the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.
Carrying capacity
Is the ability of an ecosystem to support a population of a given species living in a given manner indefinitely.
Adaptive management
Is scientific management strategies that may be modified as a result of scientific findings on the effectiveness of existing management strategies.
Microeconomics
Is concerned with the economic behavior of individuals, households, and businesses.
Macroeconomics
Is a branch of economics that deals with the bigger picture, specifically the performance, structure, and behavior of national or regional economics.
Opportunity costs
Is the cost of lost opportunities resulting from certain policies and actions.
Economic externalities
Economic cost that is not factored into the determination of the cost of goods and services.
Gross national product
Is the sum total of expenditures by governments and individuals for goods, services, and investments.
Replacement costs
An estimate of the true value of a resource to human society.
Ozone layer
Is a region of the upper atmosphere that filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Economic incentives
Measures that encourage environmentally compatible goods and services by providing economic benefit.
Sustainable ethics
Says that the Earth has a limited supply of resources and should be managed carefully.
Systems thinking
Is to think of the whole system and the long term and how human actions affect society and our economy.
Biogeochemical cycle
Is the cycle of movement of an element from the nonliving environment into the bodies of living organisms and then back into the nonliving environment.
Biomass
Is the amount of organic matter present at any given time.
Density-dependent factors
Is a population-regulating factor, such as predation or infections disease, whose effect on a population depends on the population density.
Density-independent factors
Is population-regulating factor, such as a storm, drought, flood, or volcanic eruption, whose effect is independent of population density.
Detritus food chain
Is the sequence of organisms, each feeding on the one before it, starting with dead organic material.
Gross primary productivity(GPP)
Is the sum of all biomass production in an ecosystem, not taking into account losses due to cellular respiration.
Habitat
Is the immediate environment in which an organism lives.
Nitrogen cycle
Is the circulation of nitrogen in the environment which passes through the food chain, the soil, and the open air.
Primary succession
Is an ecological succession that develops in an area not previous occupied by a community.
Age structure
Is the number of individuals occurring in each age class within the population.
Birth rate
Is the number of births per 1,000 people in a population.
Carrying capacity
Is the capacity of a given habitat to sustain a population of animals for an indefinite period of time.
Death rate
Is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population.
Exponential growth
Is the growth of any entity that occurs by a fixed annual percentage when the annual growth is added to the base amount.
Percent annual growth rate
Is a year over year change, expressed as a percentage.
Desertification
Is the conversion of range land, rain fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desert-like conditions caused by natural factors and artificial factors.
Free trade
Trade between nations without protective customs tariffs.
Genetically engineered crops
A technique used to alter or move genetic material of living cells in crops.
Genetically modified crops
Crops whose genetical material has been modified.
Micronutrients
One of dozens of nutrients needed in minuscule amounts.
Macronutrients
Are nutrients required in the greatest amounts.
Salinization
A diverse after effect of irrigating land that has poor drainage properties.
Natural selection
Is different fitness of individuals within a population.
Genes
Units of heredity.(genotype offspring)
Phenotype
Physical characteristics
Genetic variation
Survival
Phenotypic plasticity
Molded characteristics
Plant adaptations
High and low light
Alternate pathways of photosynthesis
Heat and cold
Nutrient availability
To wet environments
Animal adaptations
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Sexual selection
Reproduction
Latitudinal variation
R-species, K-species
Life history
Lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction.
Human population
6.91 billion
Photosynthesis
Produces sugar and oxygen which is broke down by plants and animals to produce energy which is respiration.
Food chain
Is a feeding sequence in ecosystems.
Food web
Is an interconnected series of food chains.
Nutrient cycle
Is the circular flow of an element from the nonliving environment into the bodies of living organisms and then back into the nonliving environment.
Biotic potential
Is the theoretical reproductive capacity of a species.
Environmental resistance
Is any factor in the environment of an organism that tends to limit its numbers.
Yield
Is the amount of resource harvested per time.
Rotation period or harvest interval
Is the period of time for the resource to return to the level of previous harvest.
Ecosystem services
Are the processes by which the environment produces resources.
Benefit-cost analysis
Involves measuring, adding up, and comparing all the benefits and costs of a particular project or activity.
Discounting
Adds and compares costs and benefits that occur at different points in time.
Externalities
Occur when the actions of one individual (or group individuals) affect another individual's well being.
Demographic transition
Is the move from the first state toward the second state.
Age structure
Is the relative number of individuals at each age.
Ecological footprint
Summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation.
Inputs
Are exchanges from the surrounding environment into the ecosystem.
Outputs
Are exchanges from inside the ecosystem to the surrounding environment.
Closed ecosystem
Is one with no inputs.
Open ecosystem
Receives inputs from the surrounding environment.
What do Ecosystems need?
Energy flow and nutrient cycling.
Potential energy
Is stored energy and is available for performing work.
First law of thermodynamics
States that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is merely transferred or transformed.
Second law of thermodynamics
States that when energy is transferred and transformed, part of the energy assumes a form that cannot pass on any further.
Entropy
Is the reduction in potential energy.
Net primary productivity(NPP)
Is the rate of energy storage as organic matter after respiration.
Productivity
Is the rate at which organic matter is created by photosynthesis.
Two major food chains within any ecosystem?
Grazing and detrital
Grazing
Living plant biomass(primary production).
Detrital
Dead organic matter or detritus.