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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are classifications of natural resources?
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Fertile soil, products of the land, products of water, groundwater, ecosystems, and energy resources.
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Biotic
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Living (ex. plants, animals)
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Abiotic
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Non-living (ex. nutrient cycling)
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Nonrenewable resources
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Fossil fuels, nonmetallic mineral(glass, sand, salt), and metals.
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What is the problem?
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Population growth, excessive resource consumption, and pollution.
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What are the biological principles of sustainability?
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Conservation, recycling, renewable-resource use, restoration, population control, and adaptability.
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What are the three components of sustainability?
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Economic, environmental, and social.
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History conservation 19th century
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-1700's to 1800's-limitiless resources
-need for soil conservation -John Muir-HetchHetchy Dam -1872-first national park (Yellowstone) -1890-two more parks (Yosimite & Sequoia) -1891-28 forest reserves |
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Conservation 20th century
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-First wave (1901-1909)
Theodore Roosevelt 1st Natural Resource Inventory -Second wave (1933-1941) Franklin Roosevelt Dust Bowl 2nd NR Inventory -Third wave (1960-1980) Rachel Carson (1962) Paul Ehrlich April 22nd 1969 Decade of the environment EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) -Fourth wave (1980-present) Sustainability |
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What is the Organizational Hierarchy?
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-Smallest to largest-
Individual Population Community Ecosystem Landscape Biome Biosphere |
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Individual
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Individual organisms are intimately connected with the environment and pass genetic material to the next generation.
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Population
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Group of individual of the same species that occupy a given area.
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Community
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All populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem.
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Ecosystem
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A community plus the physical environment (biotic and abiotic).
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Landscape
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An area of land or water composed of a patchwork of communities and ecosystems.
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Biome
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Geographic region having similar geological and climatic conditions that support similar types of communities and ecosystems. (13 major biomes)
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Bioshere
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The thin layer about the Earth that supports all life.
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Scientific Method
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Observation, questions emerge, develop hypothesis, and predictions.
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Hypothesis
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A proposed answer to a question.
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Prediction
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Test hypothesis through observation and experiments.
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Sustainable development
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Is a strategy to meet human needs in ways that do not prevent future generations and other species from meeting their needs.
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Pollution
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Is to make something impure or to contaminate.
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Exponential growth
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Occurs when something grows by a fixed percentage and the increase is added to the base amount.
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Who is John Muir?
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He devoted his life to conservation. Because of him US congress established three national parks in the 1800's and he founded the Sierra Club.
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Who is Gifford Pinchot?
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He was head of the US forest service from 1898 to 1910 and he spearheaded the utilitarian approach.
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Who is Aldo Leopold?
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He was a wildlife ecologist by trade. And he proposed a land ethic in 1933.
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Sustained yield
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Says that renewable resources should be managed so that they will never be exhausted.
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Ecology
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Is the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.
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Carrying capacity
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Is the ability of an ecosystem to support a population of a given species living in a given manner indefinitely.
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Adaptive management
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Is scientific management strategies that may be modified as a result of scientific findings on the effectiveness of existing management strategies.
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Microeconomics
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Is concerned with the economic behavior of individuals, households, and businesses.
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Macroeconomics
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Is a branch of economics that deals with the bigger picture, specifically the performance, structure, and behavior of national or regional economics.
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Opportunity costs
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Is the cost of lost opportunities resulting from certain policies and actions.
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Economic externalities
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Economic cost that is not factored into the determination of the cost of goods and services.
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Gross national product
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Is the sum total of expenditures by governments and individuals for goods, services, and investments.
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Replacement costs
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An estimate of the true value of a resource to human society.
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Ozone layer
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Is a region of the upper atmosphere that filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation.
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Economic incentives
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Measures that encourage environmentally compatible goods and services by providing economic benefit.
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Sustainable ethics
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Says that the Earth has a limited supply of resources and should be managed carefully.
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Systems thinking
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Is to think of the whole system and the long term and how human actions affect society and our economy.
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Biogeochemical cycle
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Is the cycle of movement of an element from the nonliving environment into the bodies of living organisms and then back into the nonliving environment.
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Biomass
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Is the amount of organic matter present at any given time.
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Density-dependent factors
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Is a population-regulating factor, such as predation or infections disease, whose effect on a population depends on the population density.
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Density-independent factors
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Is population-regulating factor, such as a storm, drought, flood, or volcanic eruption, whose effect is independent of population density.
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Detritus food chain
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Is the sequence of organisms, each feeding on the one before it, starting with dead organic material.
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Gross primary productivity(GPP)
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Is the sum of all biomass production in an ecosystem, not taking into account losses due to cellular respiration.
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Habitat
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Is the immediate environment in which an organism lives.
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Nitrogen cycle
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Is the circulation of nitrogen in the environment which passes through the food chain, the soil, and the open air.
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Primary succession
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Is an ecological succession that develops in an area not previous occupied by a community.
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Age structure
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Is the number of individuals occurring in each age class within the population.
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Birth rate
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Is the number of births per 1,000 people in a population.
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Carrying capacity
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Is the capacity of a given habitat to sustain a population of animals for an indefinite period of time.
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Death rate
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Is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population.
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Exponential growth
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Is the growth of any entity that occurs by a fixed annual percentage when the annual growth is added to the base amount.
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Percent annual growth rate
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Is a year over year change, expressed as a percentage.
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Desertification
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Is the conversion of range land, rain fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desert-like conditions caused by natural factors and artificial factors.
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Free trade
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Trade between nations without protective customs tariffs.
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Genetically engineered crops
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A technique used to alter or move genetic material of living cells in crops.
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Genetically modified crops
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Crops whose genetical material has been modified.
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Micronutrients
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One of dozens of nutrients needed in minuscule amounts.
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Macronutrients
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Are nutrients required in the greatest amounts.
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Salinization
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A diverse after effect of irrigating land that has poor drainage properties.
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Natural selection
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Is different fitness of individuals within a population.
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Genes
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Units of heredity.(genotype offspring)
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Phenotype
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Physical characteristics
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Genetic variation
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Survival
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Phenotypic plasticity
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Molded characteristics
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Plant adaptations
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High and low light
Alternate pathways of photosynthesis Heat and cold Nutrient availability To wet environments |
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Animal adaptations
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Asexual and sexual reproduction
Sexual selection Reproduction Latitudinal variation R-species, K-species |
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Life history
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Lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction.
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Human population
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6.91 billion
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Photosynthesis
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Produces sugar and oxygen which is broke down by plants and animals to produce energy which is respiration.
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Food chain
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Is a feeding sequence in ecosystems.
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Food web
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Is an interconnected series of food chains.
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Nutrient cycle
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Is the circular flow of an element from the nonliving environment into the bodies of living organisms and then back into the nonliving environment.
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Biotic potential
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Is the theoretical reproductive capacity of a species.
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Environmental resistance
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Is any factor in the environment of an organism that tends to limit its numbers.
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Yield
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Is the amount of resource harvested per time.
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Rotation period or harvest interval
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Is the period of time for the resource to return to the level of previous harvest.
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Ecosystem services
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Are the processes by which the environment produces resources.
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Benefit-cost analysis
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Involves measuring, adding up, and comparing all the benefits and costs of a particular project or activity.
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Discounting
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Adds and compares costs and benefits that occur at different points in time.
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Externalities
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Occur when the actions of one individual (or group individuals) affect another individual's well being.
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Demographic transition
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Is the move from the first state toward the second state.
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Age structure
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Is the relative number of individuals at each age.
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Ecological footprint
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Summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation.
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Inputs
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Are exchanges from the surrounding environment into the ecosystem.
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Outputs
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Are exchanges from inside the ecosystem to the surrounding environment.
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Closed ecosystem
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Is one with no inputs.
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Open ecosystem
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Receives inputs from the surrounding environment.
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What do Ecosystems need?
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Energy flow and nutrient cycling.
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Potential energy
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Is stored energy and is available for performing work.
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First law of thermodynamics
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States that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is merely transferred or transformed.
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Second law of thermodynamics
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States that when energy is transferred and transformed, part of the energy assumes a form that cannot pass on any further.
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Entropy
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Is the reduction in potential energy.
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Net primary productivity(NPP)
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Is the rate of energy storage as organic matter after respiration.
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Productivity
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Is the rate at which organic matter is created by photosynthesis.
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Two major food chains within any ecosystem?
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Grazing and detrital
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Grazing
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Living plant biomass(primary production).
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Detrital
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Dead organic matter or detritus.
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