Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
288 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Markings on the body line up with those on the legs to create a larger and continuous DISRUPTIVE feature. What is this defence called? |
Coincident Disruptive Patterns seen on Savannah Sparrows. |
|
|
Who uses Bicolouration, and what is it? |
Aquatic Insects such as Whirligigs use it as a form of background matching from both above and below the water's surface. |
|
|
Countershading/Self Shadow Concealment - what is this? |
Animals use sunlight causing the upper part of the body to shade the underside. If the animal does not move it is known as obliterative shading. Seen in deer. |
|
|
Define the defence of Masquerade. |
When parts of plants, dead or alive are replaced convincingly in bodily form by insects and animals. Some animals use their posture or add material to their bodies. |
|
|
Define Startle Patterns. |
Often found on the hind wings of insects, a brilliant flash of colour is hidden most of the time and is only shown for defence. Seen on Sphinx and Underwing Moths. |
|
|
What are the purpose of Startle Patterns? |
Distraction/time buyer. |
|
|
What is the exoskeleton of millipedes and beetles made of? |
Made of Chitin. |
|
|
What caterpillar has hair coating it's body and how is this a form of defence? What other defence do they have? |
Wooly Bear Caterpillars have hair and it helps them because most predators do not want to ingest hair. They can modify their hairs into stiff spines. |
|
|
What defence do Porcupines have? |
Defensive modified hair - quills, with overlapping microscopic barbs. Their greasy coating contains antibacterial components to help prevent infection. They attempt to conserve their quills by visual warning, teeth chattering and release of Sulphur odour. |
|
|
What is the defence of the Io Moths, Spiny Oak Slugs, and Question Mark Butterflies? |
Burning chemicals. |
|
|
What is Aposematic Colouration? |
Bright visual markings that serve as a warning to predators. |
|
|
What toxin do American Toads have in their skin, and what is it's defensive purpose? |
They contain Bufotalin, a toxin that acts on the heart. |
|
|
How do American Toads utilize behavioural defence? |
They puff up their bodies to appear larger than life. |
|
|
How do Red Eft Salamanders defend themselves? |
They exude drops containing Terpenoid from their mouths. |
|
|
How do Blister Beetles defend themselves? |
They release the Terpenoid called Cantharidin from their leg joints and also employ the behavioural defence of playing dead. |
|
|
Who do lady bugs have aposematic colouration? (Bright orange and black) |
Because they produce Alkaloids. |
|
|
What chemical is produced by Plated Millipedes? |
Hydrogen Cyanide. |
|
|
What is the chemical defence of the Bombardier Beetle? |
They have 2 chambered glands in their abdomen where they house hydrogen peroxide and phenols, and the other reactive enzymes. In a thick walled reactor chamber they mix creating 100 degree heat and release chemical laden steam as their defence. |
|
|
A group of similarly marked animals, some poisonous and others not, have a powerful defence. If a predator eats one and experiences its' defence it will avoid similar one's in the future. What is this form of group defence called? |
Mullerian Mimicry. |
|
|
Monarch Caterpillars eat Milkweeds, taking in the Cardiac glycosides into their bodies and carrying it to their butterfly form. What is this action called? |
Sequestering the poison. |
|
|
Viceroy butterflies are harmless but look just like the Monarch butterfly, so they are mimicking a poisonous model. What is this form of defence called when a well defended model is paired with a harmless mimic? |
Batesian Mimicry. |
|
|
What is required for Batesian Mimicry to work? |
There must be more models than mimics. |
|
|
Looking larger than life is a good behavioural defence. What behaviour do the American Toad and Hog Nosed Snake have in common? |
They both puff up with air as a form of defence. The Hog Nosed Snake can also play dead. |
|
|
What is Thanatosis and what animals employ this behaviour? |
Thanatosis is feigning death and is utilized by some blister beetles, the Hog Nosed snake, and the virginia opossum. |
|
|
What aggressive group defence do Yellowjacket Wasps employ? |
They release attack pheromones that send the colony into a defensive frenzy. |
|
|
What is defence mobbing and what animals use it? |
This defence is where birds screech and bring more birds to the area in order to attack another bird or drive it away. It is used by chickadees, nuthatches, bluejays. Also known as preemptive defence. |
|
|
What is the distraction pattern used by Cottontail rabbits? |
They run erratically with their white tail in the air. Known as advertising awareness. This is thought to be a point of focus to throw off their attacker. It works as a distraction pattern. |
|
|
What heightened senses do Moose have? |
Large nose with a Jacobson's organ, big swivelling external pinnae (ears). They can also use their antlers to magnify sound during the mating season. |
|
|
What is the Jacobson's Organ and what animals have one? |
The Jacobson's Organ is an organ in the Moose's nose that exposes more air to the nose and enhances the scents to aid in identification. Snakes also have a Jacobson's organ in their mouth. Forks of the snakes tongue pick up different scents and each meets with a different chamber on the roof of the mouth. |
|
|
What is a Snake's tongue forked? |
To allow direction discrimination as to where the scent is coming from. |
|
|
What sensory system do fish have? |
Lateral lines that are pressure sensitive receptors. |
|
|
How do Young Great Horned Owls warn off their prey? |
They fluff up their feathers, hunch their wings and click their bills. |
|
|
What is unique about the eye placement on a Mallard? |
They have eyes on both sides of their head, allowing a view entirely around themselves. |
|
|
Red Fox and Great Gray Owl have their eyes placed in the front. What is the purpose of this? |
To aid in hunting. |
|
|
Why do Beavers have their eyes near the top of their head? |
So that they are in line with their nose and ears, which allows them to float near the surface of the water and see and hear everything, with their entire body submerged. |
|
|
Why do American Bitterns place their bills straight up when alarmed? Where is their eye placement and why is it adaptive? |
It allows them to blend into the marsh using Crypsis where they live. Their eyes are placed low so that they can look forward and monitor potential predators even when their bill is facing up. |
|
|
Why are Wilson's Snipes eyes located at the top of their head? |
So they can see above and behind them while they are probing deep into the mud for food. |
|
|
What is the Tapetum Lucidem? |
Special reflective layer in the retina which bounces light out for a second chance to activate a sensory cell. It allows animals better night vision and gives them their eyeshine. |
|
|
How to white-tailed deer gather in the winter? |
They gather in deer yards known as yarding. |
|
|
What are the benefits/downfalls of communal roosting? |
If the flock is too small there are false alarms wasting energy, if it is too big they fight over food and aggession builds. |
|
|
What are the benefits of flocking? |
With flocking there is safety in numbers, and more eyes. It can confuse a predator and lowers the odds of being caught. |
|
|
What are the two types of flocks? |
Single species and mixed flock. |
|
|
What is the benefit of a mixed flock? |
They all find food in different ways so there is not excessive competition. |
|
|
Which Caterpillars has eyes permanently visible to appear larger than life? |
The Tiger Swallowtail Caterpillar. |
|
|
What is the startle structure in both snakes and the swallowtail caterpillar? |
They snake has a tongue and the swallowtail caterpillar releases an odour with little red tongue-like horns. Called the Osmetarium. |
|
|
What are the startle patterns used by: Beavers Partridge |
Beavers use their tail slap and Partridges have a burst of sound with their wings when they take flight. |
|
|
What are the functions of startle patterns? |
To startle their prey and to distract them long enough to make an escape. |
|
|
What is the purpose of distraction/deflection tactics? |
To deflect attack to a non-vital body part. |
|
|
What is the defence of the Five Lined Skink? |
Its' blue tail detaches and wiggles around to distract the predator while it gets away. The tail does grow back. |
|
|
What are the deflection/distraction tactics used by Hairstreak butterflies? |
They are tailed butterflies with bright colours near fake antennae which draw the attacker to that non-vital part of their body. |
|
|
What is Autonomy? |
Discarding a body part that will grow back. |
|
|
What is the defence of the Blandings Turtle? |
It has a yellow underbelly and can close its shell partway. |
|
|
What do Eastern Tent Caterpillars make? |
They make silk tents that they use for protection. |
|
|
What do Fall Webworms make? |
They also make silk tents but they are larger, incorporate leaves, and they not only use them for protection but eat inside them. |
|
|
What moth roles into a ball with bright red peeking from beneath? What is it aposematically coloured? |
The Giant Leopard Moth has poison spines and when it rolls into a ball it shows bright red between them as aposematic colouration. |
|
|
Why are skunks and porcupines black and white? |
They have nighttime colouration that is bright for warning. |
|
|
Why do fireflies mix chemicals? |
To produce light, which they then flash in patterns to attract females. |
|
|
The female Photuris firefly sequesters steroidal toxins and flies around. What is their objective? |
To lure in and eat the male (Photonis) fireflies in order to sequester their toxins. |
|
|
What is it called when an animal mimics another for food? |
Aggressive mimicry. |
|
|
What does the lignified bark on trees serve as? |
Body armour. |
|
|
What are prickles? |
Epidermal outgrowths that are like hairs. |
|
|
What is automimicry and what plant uses it? |
Rose buds resemble prickles, they mimic them to prevent them from being eaten. Unprotected parts like buds often look like spines as a form of defence. |
|
|
Prickles, thorns and spines are often red, yellow of black making them highly...? |
Aposematic. |
|
|
What are trichomes? |
Many plants and leaves have small hooked or clubbed hairs. They are softer but can impede the movement of small animals as a form of defence. |
|
|
What plants have trichomes? |
Ragweed, Common Mullein, and Mullein leaf hav star shaped trichomes. |
|
|
What are glandular trichomes and how can they act as a form of defence? |
They have separate stores of phenols and enzymes that mix like epoxy and harden when the trichome is broken. This can trap or slow the attacker. |
|
|
When does the Water Smartweed develop trichomes on its leaves? |
When the water level drops it develops as a form of protection. |
|
|
What plant has multi-cellular trichomes much like a hypothermic needle? How does this work? |
Stinging Nettle hairs have protective caps that come off when brushed against. The needle like hairs are full of chemicals like histamine, acetylcholine, sodium formamide which shoot up through the hair into the creature. |
|
|
What is it called when a plant bring a defence only when it is necessary? |
Inducible defence. |
|
|
What gives leaves, cherry pits and nuts their stiffness and wood its toughness? |
Lignin. |
|
|
What do digestibility reducers have? |
Silica. |
|
|
What Calcium derivative is housed in leaves/stems that can wear down mandibles and interfere with digestion, causing burning/swelling in the lips tongue and throat enough to cause choking? |
Calcium Oxalate Crystals |
|
|
What are some examples of plants that have Calcium Oxalate Crystals in their leaves? |
Jack-In-the-Pulpit Arum, Aquatic Water Arum and Skunk Cabbage. |
|
|
What is the main component in a plants waxy cuticle? |
Cutin |
|
|
What is the purpose of Cutin? |
It helps prevent water loss and is very hard to digest. |
|
|
What is found in oak leaves and weedy plants that can cause digestive problems? |
Tannins. |
|
|
What is it called if a compound plays a role in a plant that is no way associated with its metabolic functions? |
Secondary metabolite. |
|
|
What chemical defence does NOT contain Nitrogen are known as? |
Terpenoids. |
|
|
New Pine Cones are full of Resin (Oleoresin), and are full of? |
Terpenoids. |
|
|
How do coniferous trees store their resin? |
In special ducts or canals. |
|
|
How do Balsam Firs store their resin? |
In special blisters on the trunk. |
|
|
What resins/terpenoids does Poison Ivy release and how is it a good defence? |
It releases Urushiol oil which causes severe dermatitis. |
|
|
What chemical defence DOES contain Nitrogen? |
Alkaloids. |
|
|
What do Alkaloids do? |
They interfere with digestion by binding to digestive enzymes. |
|
|
What are some plants high in Alkaloids? |
Aster Plants and Buttercups. |
|
|
What do Quinolizidines Alkaloids cause? |
Lupine Alkaloids that have a strong repellant on molluscs and insects, even more on mammals and cause intoxication, convulsions, apnoea resulting in death. |
|
|
What does Hydrogen Cyanide do? |
It shuts down cellular respiration and is inducible. |
|
|
What plants carry hydrogen cyanide? |
Cherries, clovers and ferns (bracken) all have it in their leaves. |
|
|
What do Common Milkweed and Spreading Dogbane exude? |
Latex. |
|
|
Where is this blend of chemicals housed? |
In special elongated cells called Laticifers. |
|
|
Plants produce Photoproteins. What do they do? |
They interfere with protein development in animals, resulting in growth and development deficiencies. |
|
|
Plants also produce phytoecdysones and photo juvenile hormones. What do they do? |
They are identical to insect growth hormones in structure and function/ When insects eat them, these hormones cause malformation, sterility and death. |
|
|
What is an ecdysone? |
Moulting hormone. |
|
|
What plants have high levels of insect moulting hormones? |
Bracken Fern and Rock Polypody. |
|
|
What happens if too many juvenile hormones are ingested? |
The insect remains locked in infancy, which can result in premature death or prevent reproduction. |
|
|
What are phytoestrogens? |
A reproductive hormone mimic that can make a female mammal infertile, make labour difficult or cause the abortion of a fetus. |
|
|
What plant has high levels of phytoestrogens and what animal does it effect? |
Sheep who eat red clover have miscarriages and become infertile. |
|
|
Phototoxins are produced by some plants. What do these do? |
They make plants highly sensitive to damage from UV light known as phytophotodermatitis. |
|
|
What does St. John's Wort cause? |
Nasty skin sores on the body due to phytotoxins that can get infected. |
|
|
What is the defence of the Mustard plant? |
It gives off a distinctive smell that advertises the plants toxicity. |
|
|
What is Autophagy? |
When a plant kills and consumes its own cells. |
|
|
What is the mutually beneficial exchange between plants and ants? |
Plants offer ants a sugar compound nectar in structures known as extrafloral nectaries. They attract the ants who want food but will also provide them with protection. |
|
|
What are phytohormones and why do plants send them out? |
They are chemical signals what are a distress call that induce a response in the rest of the plant. A good form of defence. |
|
|
What are Ectotherms and examples of some? |
Animals or insects whose internal body temp is controlled by the outer temperature. This includes frogs, snakes, turtles insects and spiders. |
|
|
What are Endotherms and examples of some? |
Endotherms maintain their own internal body temperature. This includes birds and mammals that generate heat through internal cellular metabolic activity. |
|
|
How do animals deal with the cold? |
Staying active, some migrate and some become dormant. |
|
|
What are the two kinds of hairs mammals grow on their bodies? |
Outer coat known as guard hair coat is thicker and longer. Under fur is underneath and dense and furry. |
|
|
Birds have winter plumage. What are the two kinds? |
Outer feather are known as contour feathers. Under feathers are called down feathers. |
|
|
What happens when a bird fluffs up? |
The feathers trap air and increases their ability to retain heat. |
|
|
Why do birds add subcutaneous fat? |
For fuel which they burn up through shivering. |
|
|
Shivering is an important form of... |
Thermogenesis. |
|
|
What are the two types of fat mammals have on their bodies? |
Internal brown fat for burning for warmth. Subcutaneous fat for insulation. |
|
|
What is Gloger's Rule? |
Northern Animals are paler in colouration, Southern animals are darker. |
|
|
What is Allen's Rule? |
The farther north you go, you see shorter animals and tails, legs and ears. The parts of the body that most easily lose heat. |
|
|
What is Bergman's Rule? |
In cold climates, animals with smaller surface area to volume ratio would be better off physiologically than a small animal with a larger ratio. The rounder the better. |
|
|
What is the countercurrent exchange system and what animals use it? |
Arteries carry warm blood out, veins carry cooled blood in. Net of veins and arteries is interconnected to control the temperature of blood in the extremities. Also called the Rete Mirabile. Beavers, Otters, Ducks, Swans all have it. |
|
|
How does the Arctic Fox stay warm? |
It curls its tail around it and over its face in order to stay warm. |
|
|
What animal has the counter current exchange system in its snout? |
The moose has it which helps to warm the air arriving in the lungs which conserves energy. |
|
|
Why do birds roost in coniferous trees? |
The offer more warmth and cover under the snow covering. |
|
|
Where will voles, raccoons and flying squirrels huddle for warmth? |
In tree hollows. |
|
|
What do muskrats use to make their lodges? |
Cattail plants. |
|
|
What do beavers use to make their lodges? |
Sticks and mud for insulation. The snow also covers the lodge adding further insulation. |
|
|
Do beavers hibernate? |
No. They are active below the ice. |
|
|
What do beaver lodges have to allow for air circulation? |
The tops have less mud than the sides. They are have a natural chimney made from a mesh of sticks. |
|
|
What squirrels form tunnels below the snow? |
Red squirrels. |
|
|
What is subnivean space? |
The bottom of the snow path where ice crystals can be easily moved, where heat from the earth meats the snow that has fallen. Allows for an easy tunnel space. |
|
|
Ruffed Grouse make snow chambers. What are these called? |
Ruffed grouse snow beds. |
|
|
What is short term dormancy called? |
Torpor. |
|
|
What is the periodic arousal during hibernation speculated to be for? |
To assist in cell repair and help prevent muscle atrophy. |
|
|
How long do Black Capped Chickadees enter torpor? |
Overnight. |
|
|
How do snakes survive the cold and what is this behaviour referred to as? |
The move down below the frost line and become dormant. This is called Behavioural freeze avoidance. |
|
|
What is a snakes hibernation nest called? |
Hibernaculum. |
|
|
How do most adult, hatching turtles, and frogs escape subzero temperatures? |
By going down to the bottom of the ponds and lakes. |
|
|
What do American toads and salamanders do to escape the cold? |
They dig down below the frost line. |
|
|
How do Praying Mantids survive the winter? |
They survive the winter as eggs. They have special egg cases called Ootheca to survive. |
|
|
What are some examples of antifreezes animals use? |
Glycerol or Sorbitol. |
|
|
What are cryoprotectants? |
A chemical process that helps keep animals alive by depressing the freezing point to as low as -50 degrees celsius. |
|
|
What is the second role of cryoprotectants? |
They help cells retain water, thereby saving the plant from desiccation. |
|
|
How to Walking Sticks overwinter and which insect plays a hand in helping them? |
Ants carry the walking stick eggs underground to guard them, cut off the sweet package they offer (capitulum) and they then hatch and walk out. |
|
|
When no ice forms inside the body this is known as? |
Supercooling. |
|
|
What cryoprotectant does Wooly Bear Caterpillars use? |
Glycerol antifreeze. |
|
|
How do Angling butterflies spend the winter? |
Supercooled in crevices inside wood and rocks. |
|
|
How do silk moths spend the winter? |
As pupae in cocoons, camouflaged with embedded leaves. |
|
|
Golden Rod Gall Fly Grubs have bulges near the top of the stem. What is their purpose? |
Inside are fly grubs that survive the winter with the sustenance inside the bulge. There are cryoprotectants inside the cells with ice nucleating sites between them. The process is called freeze tolerance. |
|
|
What is occurring during supercooling and supercooled states? |
Internal liquids are at temperatures below their normal freezing point. |
|
|
What animals can freeze with half their body turning to ice and survive the winter? |
Spring Peepers, chorus frogs, wood frogs. |
|
|
What is the only true freeze tolerant reptile? |
Painted turtle hatchlings can stay in the soil and freeze. Supercooling keeps them alive. |
|
|
Endotherms cannot freeze but can become dormant. What animals can undergo periods of lethargy? |
Procupines and skunks. |
|
|
What do chipmunks do in the winter? |
They go through longer periods of torpor where their heartbeat and body temp lowers, and they awake every couple of weeks to release bodily wastes and eat some of the food cached prior to winter. |
|
|
What do bats do during the winter? |
The undergo light hibernation in a hibernaculum with other bats. They are in a torpid state and gain warmth by huddling and developing brown fat stores for the winter. |
|
|
What is a tappen? |
A bears rectal plug that keeps them from defecating in their winter den. |
|
|
How do insects usually prepare for dormancy? |
By cleaning out their gut, voiding water as well as any particles around which ice could form. |
|
|
What are the worlds largest and truest hibernators, and what do they do? |
Groundhogs hibernate below the frost line in a self-dug burrow which can be sealed off to retain more heat. |
|
|
What mice hibernate? |
Woodland, jumping and meadow mice. |
|
|
Why do leopard frogs and snapping turtles deliberately choose sites with moving water to hibernate? |
It ensures a plentiful supply of oxygen through the winter. |
|
|
Who do moose have very long legs and how does this physical adaptation help them? |
They have the ability to lift their legs right up so they don't have to push through the snow. |
|
|
How do snowshoe hares, marten and fisher benefit from having large hind feet? |
They act as snowshoes. |
|
|
Why do caribou grow hairs between their hooves? |
It helps prevent them from slipping on the ice. |
|
|
How do Ruffed Grouse have the ability to add "snowshoes" in the fall to help them walk on the snow? |
They grow little scales on the side of each toe for large surface area on the snow. They wear down and are gone by the summer. |
|
|
What adaptation do Tarmagen Grouse have that helps them to walk on the snow? |
They grow feathers on their feet, that allows for warmth and larger surface area. |
|
|
What is the browse line? |
It identifies when deer feed in winter. |
|
|
What animals break trail in the snow and how does this benefit them? |
Wolves break trail, one initially begins it and the other animals follow behind in single file. It helps conserve energy. |
|
|
What animals run and slide on their bodies and what is this called? |
Otters and Mink do this and it is called tobogganing. |
|
|
Why do Canada Geese fly in a V shaped flock? |
It helps them conserve energy by getting free lift. They are behind the wing tips of the one ahead, and air flows over allowing for a lift, saving 12% of their energy. |
|
|
Where do Monarch butterflies migrate and what two strategies do they use when returning? |
They migrate to southern California and Mexico. They appear to either have their offspring return to Canada, or they lay eggs during their migration back to Ontario. |
|
|
Why do Insect Gleaning Songbirds have to migrate? |
Because insects are hard to find. |
|
|
Why do songbirds only fly at night during migration? |
Because the air is calmer, cooler, there is less chance of dehydration and fewer predators. |
|
|
Birds of Prey (Eagles, Hawks, Vultures) all fly in daytime. They soar (riding air currents) on thermals to save energy. What is Thermal Hopping? |
Soaring up and gliding down on thermals is known as thermal hopping. |
|
|
What is needed for thermals? |
Sunshine. Often occur along the edges of mountains or lakes, where large bodies of water meet land. |
|
|
What are slotted wing feathers and how are the beneficial? |
Birds of prey have this and each wing feather behaves like its own wing and gives extra lift. Helps them fly more efficiently. |
|
|
How do daytime migrants navigate? |
By the sun, bodies of water, landforms and other visual cues and earth's magnetic field. |
|
|
How do nighttime migrants navigate? |
By the moon and constellafions, and earth's magnetic field. |
|
|
What is Rhodopsin and how does it help with navigation? |
It is a retinal photopigment that is likely involved with electromagnetic interaction. |
|
|
What do 'banders' do to birds? |
They put on bird bands with a number that monitors where it came from, age, weight and narrows down information about their travels. |
|
|
Where are birds caught in order to perform banding? |
Mist nets. |
|
|
What do Geolocators do? |
They provide even better migration data. |
|
|
Do woodpeckers migrate? |
No. They can penetrate the tree bark to access insects hiding in the trees. |
|
|
What birds holds the record for the longest migration? |
Red Knot bird 26,700 kms round trip. |
|
|
What powers birds flight? |
Fat. White subcutaneous fat powers their trips. |
|
|
Why do Sandpipers migrate? |
Because they can't get below the water for probing in the mud. |
|
|
What is the electromagnetic map thrown up by the earth? |
It is the built in GPS system for birds who migrate. |
|
|
What is hyperlypogenesis? |
Elevated body fat by creating fat. |
|
|
What is hyperfagia? |
An elevated state of eating. |
|
|
How do wooly bear caterpillars spend the winter? |
In their caterpillar stage. |
|
|
What bats migrate? |
Red bats. |
|
|
What do birds use for markers for direction? |
Infrasound, winds, and types of sounds. |
|
|
How do daytime migrants like Swallows keep up their fuel while they fly? |
They catch insects while in the air. |
|
|
How do White Trillium plants survive the winter? |
Their tops die off and the roots survive by going dormant beneath the snow in the soil. |
|
|
What is cold hardiness? |
When plants can survive a certain cold temperature that dominates a specific area. |
|
|
What happens to a plant what is cold hardy? |
Water is drawn out of the leaves and twigs and evaporated. Protective sugars are added to increase solute concentration. Cell membranes become flexible (with addition of unsaturated fatty acids) Antifreeze proteins suppress ice formation and proteins resist dehydration. |
|
|
Plants become cold hardy through? |
Acclimation. |
|
|
The first stage of acclimation is triggered by? |
Change in photoperiod - ratio of daylight to darkness. |
|
|
What are phytochromes and what do they do? |
Light sensitive photopigments that cause the cells to go dormant. |
|
|
Stage 2 of cold hardiness is triggered by? What does this do? |
Cold (but not sub zero) temperatures. It brings the changes essential to tolerate formation of ice in tissues. |
|
|
What is a problem that can arise from retaining needles? |
Damage by solar radiation. |
|
|
What helps prevent damage by solar radiation? |
Xanthophyll pigments. |
|
|
What chemical can plants enable to use the suns energy to create heat as opposed to initiating photosynthesis? |
Chlorophyll. |
|
|
What is the unusual adaptation of Skunk Cabbage? |
Is turns up the heat so that it melts the snow surrounding it, exposing the buds to sunlight. The thermogenesis is produced as a by-product of the spadix. |
|
|
How else is the skunk cabbage benefitted by its adaptation aside from the protection of the plants floral parts? |
It releases unpleasant odours that attracts pollinators. |
|
|
How is the size and shape of conifer leaves inportant? |
Small short needles helps them to survive. |
|
|
What happens in leaf desiccation? |
The leaves heat up, creating large temperature difference between them and the air, which helps drive water loss. |
|
|
How do plants prevent desiccation? |
They close their leaf pores, called Stomata so water cannot escape. |
|
|
What is the benefit of thick waxy evergreen leaves? |
They help retain water. |
|
|
How do hairs on the underside of leaves help them? |
They break up the wind and help trap moisture. |
|
|
How do the Rock PolyPody evergreen fern protect their leaves? |
They reduce the leaf surface area by rolling them up. |
|
|
What is it called when deciduous trees lose their leaves in preparation for winter? |
Leaf fall. |
|
|
What happens when leaves change colour? |
The colours are under the chlorophyll layer all the time. Without water, raw materials and sufficient heat the green dissolves and colour shows through. |
|
|
How are red pigments produced? |
The production of anthocyanin, a photopigment that absorbs green wavelengths of light. |
|
|
What colour are male and female maple trees? |
Females are yellow and males are red. |
|
|
What do we call skinny and clumpy conifers like the Black Spruce? |
Spindly |
|
|
What do we called sharply pointed conifers like the balsam fir? |
Spire shaped |
|
|
What triggers the hydropassive closure in leaf stomata? |
It is triggered by water evaporating from the guard cells. |
|
|
What causes the hydroactive closure in leaf stomata? |
It is a metabolically driven response. |
|
|
What proteins and acid allows plants to survive very hot temperatures? |
Heat shock proteins, abscisic acid forces the plant into a state of dormancy by reducing plants cellular activity. |
|
|
What is senescence? |
It is when the leaves fall off of plants, reducing the number of leaves that require nutrients. |
|
|
What is one way insects can relocate their body heat? |
They can shunt heat through their liquids to parts of the body with greater surface area. |
|
|
What is Obelisk and what insect utilizes it? |
Dragonflies reduce their surface area facing the sun by assuming the Obelisk position, where they raise their body to not face the sun directly, shading the important part of their body. |
|
|
What two things can Tiger Beetles do to cope with extreme heat? |
They perform Stilting, where they raise themselves up to get away from the heat. They can also retreat to their burrows to get away from it. |
|
|
What can ducks do with their Rete Mirabile in extreme heat? |
They can bypass it so that more blood is shunted to the extremities. |
|
|
What can beavers do with their Rete Mirabile in extreme heat? |
They can shunt their blood to the tail to lose 90% more heat. |
|
|
How do social insects like honey bees work together to cope with the heat? |
They work together to cool their hive by using their wings to fan the colony and create air currents. They do this inside the colony and at the entrance. |
|
|
What is a form of evaporative cooling? What does it entail? |
Panting. Air going in and out helps evaporate moisture through the mouth. |
|
|
What is the purpose of the special valve that mammals have at the back of their throats? |
It directs outgoing air through their open mouth. The network of blood vessels in the mouth and sinuses cools blood travelling to the brain to prevent overheating. |
|
|
How do adult honeybees cool themselves off? |
They exude diluted nectar from their mouth and spread it over their body with their tongue to cool off as it dries. |
|
|
What is the summer equivalent of winter torpor in animals? |
They slow down their metabolism and enter aestivation, conserving energy and water. |
|
|
How do Turkey Vultures employ evaporative cooling? |
They excrete on their legs. |
|
|
What dangerous strategy do mourning doves use to deal with the heat? |
They elevate their body temp to 45 degrees to lose heat which works as long as the external temp stays below 45 degrees. |
|
|
What is HYPERthermia? |
When the internal body heat goes above the normal temperature. |
|
|
What is a detritivore and an example of one? |
Eating dead plant material - detritus. Example includes a millipede eating pine pollen. |
|
|
How do clams feed? |
They are filter feeders, the current flows over them and they filter the food particles from it and syphon the water back out. |
|
|
How do baby black flies filter feed? |
They make silk pads and hook on to them and hang in the water, filter feeding with labrel brushes. |
|
|
What are the fringes on swans called and what is their purpose? |
Called lamellae and is a pronged brush that the water flows through and captures any organic material they can eat. |
|
|
What animals use their tongue to filter feed and how does this unusual method work? |
The northern shoveler, and puddle duck, has a tongue that can filter the water through the lamellae but can capture the food. |
|
|
Nectar feeders require what adaptation to access it? |
A long proboscis. |
|
|
What special adaptations do Hummingbirds have to access their food? |
They have a long beak and tongue to assist them in reaching inside specific flowers. They also have the hyoid apparatus which allows the tongue to be extendable, started around the eye socket and wrapping around the skull. |
|
|
What adaptation do sap feeders need to access sap? |
They require probing mouthparts called Stylets. |
|
|
How do slugs and snails break off plant tissues? |
They use a radula, a chainsaw type modification. |
|
|
What caterpillar eats leaves from the inside? |
The Leaf blotch miner eats the material without ever leaving the leaf. It emerges as an adult. |
|
|
What is unique about beavers incisors? |
They never stop growing and they self sharpen. |
|
|
What two types of teeth do moose have? |
Lower incisors to rip off plant tissues and molars and premolars (cheek teeth) to grind up the food. |
|
|
What is it called when there are different components of animals but all performing the same function? |
Analogous structures. |
|
|
What is analogous to the radula, mandibles and cheek teeth? What does it do? |
The gizzard. An enlarged muscle organ that is part of the stomach, it hard sharp projections like sandpaper and it twists and turns to grind up the contents. |
|
|
How does the Ruffed Grouse eat with no teeth? |
The gnaw off the soft new buds growing on trees. |
|
|
What is required to assist with plant tissue digestion? |
Acids and digestive enzymes. |
|
|
What assistance do moose get to break down food? |
They get help from bacteria which digest the food for the moose. |
|
|
What is the Rumen in a moose? |
The biggest part of the stomach, food goes directly there where the bacteria live to digest the food. |
|
|
What is rumination and the ruminant? |
When a moose coughs their cud back in to their mouth to chew it again and break it down further so the bacteria can pull more nutrients from it. The ruminant is the animal that does it. |
|
|
When two organisms benefit from each other what is it called? |
Symbiosis. |
|
|
How do hares and rabbits, snow goose use the help of bacteria? |
Their food goes to the stomach and in the intestines, where bacteria live in long chamber sacks called Caecum. |
|
|
What is it called when hares and rabbits, beavers eat their droppings to regain the nutritional benefit? |
Coprophagy. |
|
|
How do porcupines gather nutrition from their food? |
They have a long digestive tract which allows for better nutrient absorbtion. |
|
|
How do Waxwings process their food while separating the components they don't want? |
They have short intestines which allow food to pass through quickly. They can excrete seeds in 20 minutes. |
|
|
What is the large mouth opening on a Waxwing called and what is its purpose? |
It is called a Gape and allows for fast external processing. |
|
|
What are animals called that eat fruit but pass out the seeds? What is the benefit of this? |
They are called seed dispersers and spread the seeds of the plant in their excrement. |
|
|
What are seed predators, and an example of one? |
They are seed eaters and Evening Grosbeaks are seed predators. |
|
|
Why do American Goldfinches have fine bills? |
It is a form of "can opener" for thistle seeds. A cutting edge and a groove to hold the seed. |
|
|
How do Finches use their curved bills (cross bills) to get food? |
They go for coniferous cones and use their bills to pry open the cones and get the seeds inside. |
|
|
What do Red Squirrels use to bite off cone scales? |
Their incisors. |
|
|
What do Chipmunks use their incisors to open? |
Acorn seeds and hard nut shells. |
|
|
How do Milkweed beetles eat Milkweed without eating too much of the chemical? What is this process called? |
They bite through the veins that carry the chemicals to cut off the supply. This is called Vein Drain. |
|
|
What do Groundhogs produce to counter and protect them from the toxins in plants? |
They produce enzymes called MFO's (Mixed function oxidases) which neutralize the toxins and protect them. |
|
|
What is it called when an animal eats only one type of food? What are some examples? |
They are called Specialists. An example are monarch butterfly caterpillars. |
|
|
What is it called when an animals eats a variety of plants and all parts of it? What is an example? What do they like to eat? |
They are known as generalists. An example is a beaver. They like underwater rhizomes or Bullhead lilies. |
|
|
Animals also have dietary switches throughout the year. Why is this? What animal does this? |
Depending on the time of year, Moose eat fresh twigs and leaves are rich in carbs and protein but low in sodium. So in winter they eat mostly Balsam Fir which have very low sodium. |
|
|
How do Moose combat the low sodium in many parts of the year? |
They load up on Aquatic Water Shield which has 500x more sodium than land plants. They then store it in their rumen and draw on its sodium stores when needed throughout the year. |
|
|
How do blue jays open seeds? |
They hammer them open with their bills. |
|
|
What are digestibility reducers in plants? |
Cellulose and hemicellulose. |
|
|
Describe lamellae |
Comb like lamellae line the inside edges of the bills. Edible particles are strained as they pass through. |
|
|
How do Caddisflies filter food from flowing water? |
The spin silk nets. |
|
|
What must sucking bugs do to keep the liquid sustenance flowing in plants? |
They must release anti-blocking chemicals with their saliva. |
|
|
What is the radula and what animal uses it? |
Slugs and snails, armed with 27000 sharp backward pointing teeth, lower this chainsaw and move it back and forth to rip off pieces of leaves. |
|
|
What is the role of masseter muscles in mammals? |
They power the grinding movement that reduces plant material to small fragments. |
|
|
How does the Eastern Screech Owl defend itself? |
It is a bark mimic that disguises in the trees |
|
|
How to female spruce grouse disguise themselves? |
They have dappled patterns that help them disguise themselves using.crypsis on the forest floor |
|
|
How do gray tree frogs disguise themselves/what unique skill do they have to further this? |
They are bark mimics that can fold their front legs in and disguise themselves on trees. They can also change colour to green if the area calls for it. They also have startle patterns bright yellow under their legs that shows when they jump. |
|
|
What animal goes through a seasonal colour change? |
Snowshoe hare or varying hare goes from brown in the summer to white in the winter due to hormones. Both are adaptive to the season. |
|
|
Background matching is |
When an animals colouring or patterns matches to their background. Can also be patches of colour that assist them in this. |
|
|
Describe disruptive patterns used by the black and white warbler/war bird |
It has eyelines and eyestripes that help disguise it when it sits in the nest/breaks up its body. |
|
|
What do disruptive patterns do? |
Work to break up light and dark areas to aid in concealment |
|
|
Coincident disruptive colouration/who uses it? |
Disruptive patterns on different parts of body align to produce one constant pattern. Used by leopard frogs with bands on their legs they can fold to make one pattern. |
|
|
Who are some dead leaf mimics using dead lead mimicry? |
Anglewing butterfly, datana moth, and morning cloak butterfly. |
|
|
What is twig mimicry and who uses it? |
Bugs that look like twigs, inchworm caterpillar or walking stick bug. |
|
|
What is live leaf mimicry and who uses it? |
Looks remarkably like leaves as a form of protected, katydid and Luna moth both look like them, Luna moth active at night and has a tail that sways in the breeze. |
|
|
What is thorn mimicry and who uses it? |
Tree hopper has horn like projections coming out of its head and therefore is. Form of protection. |
|
|
How do Sawfly Larvae defend themselves? |
They can regurgitate a bubble of terpenoids from their mouths |
|
|
What animals use mullerian mimicry? |
Wasps and milkweed beetles and bugs. Both have cardiac glycosides but are different animals. |
|
|
How can tucking in extremities maintain body heat? |
Birds and ruffed grouse and attic fox all tuck in their extremities to stay warm. |
|
|
What is thermoregulation? |
When animals bask in the sun and use that energy to warm up. |
