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145 Cards in this Set
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3 functions of vesicles |
Transport cellular material Storage Secretion |
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Function of golgi body |
Modification and sorting of endoplasmic reticulum products |
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Function of Ribosomes |
Catalyze protein synthesis (transport portion) Associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Mitochondria |
ATP synthesis (cellular respiration) |
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Lysosomes |
Store digestive enzymes |
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Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Location of protein synthesis Contains ribosomes |
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Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
Location of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis Detoxification Storage |
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Function of chromatin/chromosomes |
DNA carrier of genetic information Chromosomes are tightly coiled chromatin |
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Function of nucleus |
Protects DNA |
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Function of nucleolus |
Produces ribosomes |
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2 functions of cytosol |
Provides fluid for chemical reaction to take place Makes up the cytoplasm along with other extranuclear organelles/structures |
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3 functions of the cell membrane |
Separates cell from outside environment Controls movement in and out of cell Provides sensitivity to surrounding environment |
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The basic unit of life |
Cell |
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What is a Prokaryotic cell? |
Simple in composition No nucleus or membrane bound organelles present Ex: domains bacteria and archaea |
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What is a Eukaryotic cell? |
Complex and contain a nucleus and numerous specialized organelles Ex: kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia |
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Function of cytoskeleton |
Cell structure and organization Internal movement |
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Function of centrioles |
Cell division |
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Function of flagella |
Cell movement Only found in sperm |
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Function of Cilia |
Movement of materials across cell surface |
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Microville |
Increase cells surface area for absorption |
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Identify the different parts ofthe endomembrane system (14) |
1. Smooth ER 2. Ribosomes 3. Vesicle 4. Rough ER 5. Nucleus 6. Nuclear envelope 7. Golgi apparatus 8. Lysosomes 9. Exocytosis 10. Phospholipids in plasma membrane |
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What is the structure of a phospholipid? |
Polar head, hydrophilic Nonpolar trail, hydrophobic |
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What are the 5 types of membrane proteins? |
Transport Receptor Enzyme Recognition Adhesion |
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Function of transport protein |
Allow movement of polar molecules and ions in and out of cell Used in diffussion, osmosis and active transport |
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Function of receptor protein |
Attachment site for hormones, viruses, bacteria, and a variety of other compounds. Binding to receptor sends a signal into the cell, allowing it to sense what's outside |
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Function of enzyme protein |
Catalyze chemical reactions |
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Function of recognition proteins |
Identifies the components whether it belongs to the cell or not. This allows the host immune system to identify invaders and act accordingly |
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Function of adhesion |
Internal components anchor cytoskeleton External components connect similar cells together to form tissues |
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What is diffussion? |
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Molecules move down a concentration gradient. Requires no energy |
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Molecules diffuse through transport proteins of the cell membrane is called |
Passive transport or facilitated diffussion |
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What happens to the rate of diffussion when the transported molecule is larger? |
The rate of diffussion decreases |
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What is osmosis? |
Diffussion of water molecules through a cell membrane |
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What is osmolarity? |
The measure of concentration of a solute in a solution |
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Tonicity |
Comparison of the osmolarity of 2 solutions separated by a cell membrane. |
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When is the solution surrounding the cell considered isotonic? |
When the solidarity of the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm are in equilibrium |
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Hypertonic occurs when. .. |
Concentration of solute is higher outside of the cell causing water to move out of cell and causing cell to shrivel |
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Hypotonic occurs when. .. |
Concentration of solute is higher inside the cell causing water to to be drawn into the cell. Causes lyse |
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What is active transportation? |
Molecules move from low to high concentrations. ATP energy is used. |
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Exocytosis |
"Exit" Vesicle fuse with cell membrane and secretes contents within the vesicle into the extracellular fluid |
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Endocytosis |
"Enter" Cell membrane wraps itself around outside substances into vesicles to bring them into the cell |
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What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA? |
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine |
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DNA strands are composed of. .. |
Nucleotides (monomers) Phosphate group of one nucleotide being covalently bonded to the deoxyribose sugar of the adjacent nucleotide |
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What are genes? |
Units of information in DNA |
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What are codons? |
Arrangement of nitrogen bases into groups of three for genetic coding. Indicated which amino acids will be used for protein synthesis. |
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What are three conditions that determine gene regulation? |
1. Presence or and absence of stimulation 2. Availability of substrates 3. Maintenance of homeostasis |
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Function of peroxisomes |
Contains enzymes that detoxify toxic substances |
Organelle |
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How does DNA replicate? |
DNA helicase, enzyme, unzips DNA molecule RNA Primase creates a starting point for the leading and lagging DNA strands DNA polymerase enzyme add new nucleotide to the separated DNA with its complimentary pair. DNA only works in one direction so lagging stands is constructed in segments. Ligase splice the segments together. New DNA strand has an old stand so it's called semiconservarive replication |
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What is transcription? |
Transfer of information from DNA base sequence to form a mRNA |
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What is translation? |
Nucleic acid (base sequence) is translated to the language of proteins (amino acid sequence) |
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What occurs during transcription? |
1. Initiation- DNA are opened up for DNA polymerase to attach to a promoter. 2. Elongation- as it copies DNA strand, it replaces T with U nucleotides to form mRNA. Spliceosomes remove unneeded introns, and splices the exons 3. Termination- mRNA is complete when it reaches a termination point and is released. mRNA transfers through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. |
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What occurs during translation? |
1. Initiation- ribosomes scan the mRNA for a the start codon (AUG) |
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What is the scientific method? |
An objective approach to answering questions; primarily through observation, experimentation, and analysis |
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What is a hypothesis? |
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Stated in a if/then statement |
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Theory? |
Is a substantiated explanation. Supported by experimentation on several hypothesis |
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7 steps of the scientific method |
Observation Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Measure and record Retest |
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Three things that must be considered when designing experiment |
Control Variable Groups |
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Positive vs negative control |
Positive results are what is expected and negative results are unexpected |
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Independent variable |
Am altered condition. May change results |
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Dependent variable |
Measurable outcome |
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Control Variable |
Condition kept from changing |
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Control group |
independent variable is not applied. No treatment is given |
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Experiment group |
Independent variable applied to them |
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What are the 6 primary levels of organization? |
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism |
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What are the mechanisms for homeostasis? |
Receptor Control center Effector |
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Anterior |
In front of |
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Posterior |
Behind |
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Dorsal |
Spinal surface |
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Ventral |
Abdominal surface |
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What is the vertebral and cranial cavity lined with? |
Meninges |
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Two major subdivisions of anatomy |
Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy |
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Three major subdivisions of physiology |
Cell physiology Systemic physiology Organ physiology |
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What's an atom? |
Smallest unit of an element that displays the properties of an element |
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What's an ion? |
An atom/group of atoms that have a charge |
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4 levels of protein folding |
1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure 4. Quaternary structure |
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Primary structure in protein |
Linear sequence of amino acid in polypeptide chain Some are hydrophilic and others, hydrophobic |
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Secondary structure in protein How are they bonded? |
Consists of alpha helices that are spiral and beta sheets that are flat Hydrogen bonded |
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Tertiary structure of protein |
Folding of a-helices and b-helices and other portions of polypeptide chain Hydrogen bonded |
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Quanternary structure of proteins |
Multiple proteins interact through hydrogen bonds and covalent disulfide bonds to form globular or filamentous proteins |
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Active site of proteins |
A notch, ridge or groove which complements the shape of whatever the protein was designated to function with |
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Denaturation |
Occurs when protein unfolds and loses its 3d structure. No longer has an active site and cannot carry out its function. |
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Mutation |
Changes to the nitrogen base sequence making up the codons of the DNA molecule. |
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Mutagens |
Radiation and compounds that cause mutation. Carcinogens lead to cancer |
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3 steps to aerobic respiration |
1. Glycogen 2. Citric acid cycle 3. Electron transport |
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What's is glycolysis located? |
Cytosol |
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What are the substrates and products of glycolysis? |
Substrates: Glucose and ATP Products: 2 ATP NADH Piruvic acid |
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What is the location of the citric acid cycle? |
Mitochondria |
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What is the substrate and products of the citric acid cycle? |
Substrate: pyruvic acid Products: 2 ATP NADH FADH2 CO2 (waste) |
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Location of electron transport? |
Mitochondria |
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Substrates and products of electron transport |
substrates: O2, NADH, FADH2 Products: 32 ATP, water |
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Chemical equation for aerobic respiration |
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Where is the origin of each substrate and what is it? |
Glucose. Provided by digestive system and body stores via blood Oxygen. Provided by respiratory system via blood |
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What are these substrate? Origin? Destination? |
Carbon dioxide. Waste, removed by respirator system via blood.
Water. Joins pool of body fluids.
36 ATP. Used to provide energy. |
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Characteristics of nutrients associated with control of cell division |
Required in adequate amounts for growth and division |
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Characteristics of hormone and growth associated with control of cell division |
Stimulate cell division when appropriate |
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Characteristics of cell density associated with control of cell division |
Division stops at certain cell numbers and thickness |
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Characteristics of cell anchorage associated with control of cell division |
Division stops with loss of adhesion |
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Characteristics of cyclins and CDK'S associated with control of cell division |
Regulate progress through the cell cycle (checkpoints) |
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Characteristics of repressor genes associated with control of cell division |
Inhibit cell division |
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Three reasons why cells divide |
Growth of the body Replacement of old cells Repair of damage |
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Differential cells |
Programmed to express only certain genes; those necessary for function of that specific cell line |
Gene regulation |
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Three steps of protein synthesis |
Transcription Translation Folding of polypeptide into functional proteins |
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7 characteristics of life |
Cellular composition Metabolism Growth Excretion Responsiveness Movement Reproduction |
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What is mitosis? |
Used by multicellular organisms for growth, maintenance and repair. |
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What is meiosis? |
Used by multicellular organisms to produce gametes (sex cells) |
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Interphase |
Nuclear envelope is intact Granular chromatin form Normal cell function occurs If cell division is to occur, DNA will be replicated during this phase |
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Prophase |
Nuclear envelope disintegrates Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Aster and spindle form and attach to chromosomes |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes align at metaphase plate (center) |
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Anaphase |
Spindle pulls chromosomes towards opposite poles Cytokinesis begins as cleavage furrow forms |
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Telophase |
Nuclear envelope reform Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Aster and spindle disappear |
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Cytokinesis |
Cytoplasm divides by formation of cleavage furrow Completion produces two generically identical daughter cells |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Weak attraction between slightly positive region of a polar molecule and a slightly negative region of another polar molecule Has great strength in large numbers |
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Anatomical position |
Human is standing upright, arms at side with palms facing forward |
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Exchange reaction |
Bonds are both made and broken; atoms combine with other atoms Ex: AB+C = A+BC |
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Ionic bond |
Atoms bond by losing or gaining electrons Lesser electronegativity values lose electrons to greater electronegativity values (usually metal to non-metal) Easily broken when in contact with water |
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Zn |
Zinc |
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Cu |
Copper |
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I |
Iodine |
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F |
Fluorine |
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S |
Sulfur |
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P |
Phosphorus |
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Mg |
Magnesium |
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Cl |
Chlorine |
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K |
Potassium |
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Na |
Sodium |
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Fe |
Iron |
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Ca |
Calcium |
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Negative feedback |
Reverse or negate the original change to return body to homeostasis |
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Three major planes of dissection |
Midsagital Frontal (coronal) Transverse |
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Decomposition reaction |
Bonds are formed within a large molecule into smaller molecules Releases energy Ex: hydrolysis AB = A+B |
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Lipids Monomers? Polymers? Function? |
Monomer- fatty acids
Polymers + function- triglycerides + energy source, cushioning, insulation phospholipids + cell membrane structure sterol + cell membrane structure, hormones
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Proteins Monomers? Polymers? Function? |
Monomer- amino acids Polymers + function- Enzymes; catalyze chemical reactions Antibodies; immunity against infection Transport; movement across cell membrane Hormones; chemical messenger Structural; various structure |
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Nucleic acid Monomers? Polymers? Function? |
Monomers- Nucleotides, ATP, coenzymes Polymers + function- DNA; stores generic information RNA; decodes generic information |
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Carbohydrates Monomers? Polymers? Function? |
Monomers- glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose Polymers + function- Sucrose; dietary energy source simple Starch; dietary energy source complex Cellulose; dietary fiber Glycogen; energy storage in animals (sorry term) |
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Positive feedback |
Increases the change typically for a brief period of time Ex: blood clotting, child birth |
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What's a monomer? |
Small organic compounds used to make polymers. Formed by dehydration synthesis. Usually requires energy |
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What's a polymer? |
Chalked molecules made of monomers. Broken down through hydrolysis. Usually releases energy. |
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Covalent bond |
Strongest bond. Forms through shading of electrons. |
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Nonpolar covalent bond |
Shared electrons are equally electronegativity. Won't carry an electrical charge |
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Polar covalent bond |
Electrons are not equally shared. Has positive and negative charges (dipoles) |
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What is pH? |
The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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Redox reaction |
Oxidation loses electrons Reduction gains electrons Cannot occur without each other |
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Waters role in life |
High heat capacity Cohesion Solvent properties |
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Autoregulation |
Normally the first approach in controlling homeostasis. Continual automatic adjustments by local cells and tissues |
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Extrinsic regulation |
Used the nervous and endocrine system to provide a more elaborate control Often involves multiple tissues and organs |
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic have in common |
Both have DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane |
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