Nas 150 Chapter 10 Blood

Front 1

What is blood composed of?

Back 1

55% Plasma
45% Formed Elements (cells)

Front 2

What are the 3 types of Major Blood Cells?

Back 2

Erythrocytes (red blood cell or RBC's)
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBC's)
Platelets

Front 3

Erythrocytes
(Red Blood cells/RBC's)

Back 3

Produced in red bone marrow
Salmon Colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organes have been ejected.
Its function in to transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amounts of carbon dioxide.

Front 4

Leukocytes
(White Blood Cells/WBC's)

Back 4

Produced in Red Bone Marrow
Appearance Varies
Function is to defend body against disease

Front 5

Platelets

Back 5

Produced in Red Bone Marrow
Apperance is essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple.
Function is needed for normal blood clotting.

Front 6

2 Types of Leukocytes

Back 6

Granulocytes
&
Agranulocytes

Front 7

Granulocytes

Back 7

Contains granules.
Classified into three types
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

Front 8

Neutrophils

Back 8

Active Phagocytes

Front 9

Eosinophils

Back 9

Exact Function not known

Front 10

Basophils

Back 10

Granules contain histamine which is discharged at sites of inflammation.

Front 11

Agranulocytes

Back 11

Lack granules; are classified into two types
-Lymphocytes
-Monocytes

Front 12

Lymphocytes

Back 12

Its function is part of the immune system; B lymphocytes produces antibodies; T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection and activation of B lmphocytes

Front 13

Monocytes

Back 13

Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissue.

Front 14

What is the life span of red blood cells?

Back 14

100-120 days

Front 15

What are some major events in Blood Cell Formation

Back 15

-Lost cells are replaced by the division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow.
-The developing RBC's divide many times and then begin synthesizing huge amounts of hemoglobin.
-When enough hemoglobin has accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and the cell collapses inward; the rsult is the young RBC, called a reticulocyte.
-The reticulocytes enter the bloodstream to begin their task of transporting oxygen; within two days of release, they become fully functional erythrocytes.
-The rate of RBC's production is controlled by a hormone called erythroprotin, mainly produced in the kidneys.
-When blood levels of oxygen begin to decline for any reason, they kidneys increase their release of erythropoitin.
-Erythropoitin targes the bone marrow, stimulating it to produce more RBC's.

Front 16

3 Events in Hemostasis or Stoppage of Blood Flow

Back 16

-Platelet Plug Formation
-Blood Vessel Spasm
-Blood Coagulation (Blood Clotting)

Front 17

Platelet Plug Formation

Back 17

Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when it is broken so that the underlying collagen fibers are exposed, the platelets become "sticky" and cling to the damaged site. Anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site, and as more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called a platelet plug (White thrombus) is formid.

Front 18

Blood Vessel Spasm

Back 18

Once anchored, the platelets release serotonin, which causes the blood vessel to undergo spasms. The spasms narrow the blood vessel at that point, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur.

Front 19

Blood Coagulation

Back 19

-Thromboplastin is released by damaged cells
-PF3, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of platelets, interacts with thromboplastin, other blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to form a prothrombin activator that triggers the clotting cascade.
-Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin, present in the plasma, to an enzyme called thrombin.
-Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long hairlke molecules of insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork that traps the red blood cells and forms the basis of the clot that seals the injured vessel until the wound heals by regeneration.

Front 20

What are the ABO Blood Groups?

Back 20

-AB
-B
-A
-O

Front 21

AB

Back 21

Has A and B antigens in red blood cells
Has no plasma antibodies
Donors include, A. B. AB and O (Universal Donor)

Front 22

B

Back 22

Has B antigens in red blood cells
Plasma Antibodies include Anti-A
Donors can be B and O

Front 23

A

Back 23

Has A antigens in red blood cells
Plasma Antibodies include Anti-B
Donors include A and O

Front 24

O

Back 24

Has no antigens in red blood cells
Plasma Antibodies include Anti-A nd Anti-B
Donors include O (Universal Donor)

Front 25

Blood Typing

Back 25

When serum containing anti-A and anti-B antiboddies is added to a blood sample diluted with saline, agglutination (clumping of red blood cells) will occur between the antibody and the corresponding antigen

Front 26

Blood types that Agglutination in Anti-A Serum

Back 26

A and AB

Front 27

Blood types that Agglutination in Anti-B Serum

Back 27

B and AB

Front 28

Events that occur in a Transfusion Reaction

Back 28

-One person's red blood cell proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused into another perosn with different red blood cell antigens
-Binding of the recipient's antibodies for the specific antigens in the donor's blood that are foreign (different) causes th4e red blood cells to clump; this clumping leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body.
-The foreign red blood cells are lysed and their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream.
-The transfused blood is unable to deliver oxygen and some tissue areas may be deprived of oxygen; in some severe reaction the freed hemoglobin molecules may block the kidney tubules and cause kidney failure.