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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capsid |
protectiveprotein coat
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Virion |
A mature infectiveparticle
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HIV |
causative agent for AIDS
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AIDS |
profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunisticinfections and malignancies not commonly foundin patients with healthy immune defenses
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Reverse Transcriptase |
Viral enzyme used to convert its RNA strands to double-stranded DNA |
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Integrase |
enzyme unique toHIV used to incorporate the viral DNA into the host's chromosomes
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Protease |
viral enzyme that cleaves some of the proteins associated with the HIV DNA,enabling the virion to infect other T4 lymphocytes
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Retrovirus |
enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription
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Latent Phase |
Dormant phase when patients may be assymptomatic and may not realize that they are infected |
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CD4 receptor |
Preferred target for HIV |
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How Is HIV Spread? |
Infection with HIV occurs by exposure to contaminatedbody fluids, most commonly blood or semen. Transmissionmay occur through sexual activity (oral, anal, or vaginal)or through contact of infected fluids with broken skin,mucous membranes, or needlesticks. Newborns can receivethe virus during birth or from breast-feeding.
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Viral load |
Measure of the amount HIV RNA present in the patient's blood |
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How do we stop the spread of HIV? (Interventions) |
Promote testing Prophylactic treatment in high risk populations Use sterile syringes Encourage safe sex practices |
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Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) |
Prototype: Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT) Action: As the reverse transcriptase enzymebegins to synthesize viral DNA, it mistakenly uses zidovudine as one of thenucleosides, thus creating a defective DNA strand Adverse Effects: weakness, fatigue, headache, diarrhea Misc: Used to reduce transmission from mother to baby. |
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Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) |
Prototype: Efavirenz (Sustiva) Action: Inhibits reverse transcriptase Adverse Effects: rashes, dizziness, sleep disorders, fatigue Misc: Once daily dosing. Preferred initial treatment. Penetrates CSF. |
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Protease Inhibitor |
Prototype: Lopinavir with Rotonavir (Kaletra) Action: Inhibits protease Adverse Effects: Diarrhea most frequently reported. Lipodystrophy with long term use. Headache, nausea, vomiting. Misc: Preferred initial treatment. May exacerbate DM. |
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Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor |
Only Approved Drug: Raltegravir (Isentress) Action: inhibits the action of integrase Adverse Effects: Insomnia,fatigue, headache, and GI-related symptoms such as diarrheaand nausea |
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What are Fusion/Entry Inhibitors and why are they used? |
Examples: Enfuviritide (Fuzeon), Celsentri/maraviroc (Selzentry) Action: block entry/fusion into healthy CD4 cells These are used for patients who are resistant to other treatment. |
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What is HAART and why is it used? |
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, which is the simultaneous use of multiple drugs from multiple classes. Used to reduce the probability of resistance and reduce HIV RNA to its lowest level. |
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Why do treatment failures occur? |
Client intolerance of adverse effects Client non-adherence to complex drug regimens Emergence of resistant strains Genetic variability |
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How can we help prevent treatment failure? |
Educate pt on importance of adherence, education is key Pt should be tested for resistance Pills with combinations of medications used if possible |
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What are the two most important labs to monitor in an HIV infected person? |
CD4 levels Viral load |
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What are the therapeutic goals of HIV treatment? |
Reduce HIV RNA load in the blood Increased lifespan Higher quality of life Restore or preserve immunologic function Decrease risk of transmission from mother to baby |
