Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Breakthrough Pain
|
transient, moderate to severe pain occurring beyond pain treated by current analgesics
EX: cancer patients rapid onset, brief duration, highly variable intensity & occurrence |
|
|
Nonopiods
|
acetominophen, aspirin, NSAIDS & other salicylates
have analgesic ceiling do not produce tolerance/physical dependence many available w/o prescription |
|
|
Aspirin
|
nonopiod
effective for mild pain use limited by side effects: GI upset, platelet dysfunction, bleeding |
|
|
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
|
nonopiod
analgesic effects but no antinflammatory/antiplatelet effects like aspirin |
|
|
NSAIDs
|
nonopiods
inhibit enzyme COX that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins; found in all tissues & helps regulate inflammation, protection of GI mucosa, platelet aggrigation & maintenance of renal blood flow linked to higher risk of stroke and MI COX-1: protective fxns COX-2: produced at site of injury; mediates inflammation inhibiting COX-1 causes effects of NSAIDs: impaired renal fxn, bleeding, GI upset/unceration Ibuprophen- inhibit both COX 1&2; nonselective NSAID Celebrex & new NSAIDs: inhibit COX 2; increased risk of adverse cardiac effects |
|
|
Opiods
|
bind to receptors in CNS:
(1)inhibits transmission of nociceptive input from periphery to spinal cord (2)alters limbic system activity (3)activates descending inhibitory pathways that modulate transmission in spinal cord |
|
|
Opiod Agonists
|
used for acute/chronic pain
more responsive for nociceptive pain EX: morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codine, methadone, hydromorphone potent have no analgesic ceiling can be administered through several routes |
|
|
Co Analgesics
|
used w/ opiods & nonopiods
found to be effective for pain |
|
|
Opiod Mixed Agonist-antagonist
|
EX: Talwin, Stadol
bind as agonists on kappa receptor & as weak antagonist on mu receptor; b/c of this difference in binding produce less respiratory depression |
|
|
Antidepressants
|
Co analgesic
prevent cellular reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine --> accumulation that inhibit transmission of nociceptive signals to CNS EX: Zoloft, paxil, prozac neuropathic pain |
|
|
Corticosteriods
|
Co analgesics
EX: Decadron, prednisone, Medrol acute & chronic cancer pain, inflammatory joint pain, secondary to spinal cord compression may be d/t ability to decrease edema & inflammation/inflamed neuron |
|
|
Local Anesthetics
|
co analgesic
interrupt transmission of pain signals to brain pain from injury/trauma, chronic neuropathic pain EX: Lidoderm |
|
|
Intraspinal delivery
|
epidural- inserting catheter into epidural space
tip placed as close to nerve supplying painful stimulus as possible EX: epidural morphine |
|
|
Nondrug pain management
|
reduce dose of analgesic required, thereby minimizing side effects of drug therapy
alter ascending nociceptive input/stimulate descending pain modulation mechanisms Physical Pain relief: Massage Exercise TENS: electric current applied over painful region/peripheral nerve; acute pain PENS: deeper peripheral tissues through needle insertion w/ attached stimulator; musculoskeletal pain Acupuncture Heat & Cold Therapy Cognitive Therapies: Distraction Hypnosis: alter perception by achieving heightened state of awareness Relaxation Strategies: goal to reach state free from anxiety & muscle tension |
