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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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symbiosis |
a close long-term relationship between two organisms |
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mutualism |
both organisms benefit from the interactions |
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Lichen |
composite organism -> fungus (usually ascomycete) and a cyanobatcterium living alongside eachother |
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Mycorrhizae |
plant roots and their micro-symbionts symbiotic union between a fungus and the roots of the plant (increases fitness in one or both partners) |
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pathogen |
organism that causes disease or has harmful effects on another organism |
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Mycosis/mycoses |
fungal disease in animals |
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mycophagy |
animals eating/consuming mushrooms |
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oomycetes |
water moulds - a devasting plant pathogen phylogenetic branch of fungus-like eukaryotic organisms in kingdom protista |
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slime moulds |
eukaryotic cells that aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures |
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two major types of slime moulds |
plasmodial and cellular myxomycetes (wood/dead leaves) dictyostelida (phagotrophic bacterio |
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Which fungal phyla are found in aquatic environments? |
-chytridomycota
-glomeromycota -ascomycetesand basidiomycetes and zygomycetes -oomycetes(not fungi) |
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dispersal of aquatic fungi |
Spores Asexualand Sexual reproduction Some arehost specific to reproduce |
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Ecologial roles of aquatic fungi |
-micorrhizae -flow of carbon -decomposers -pathogens |
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Substrates that aquatic fungi grow on |
wood
plant detritus sand seafoam algae + seagrass animals |
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three types of lichen |
crustose fruticose foliose squamulose |
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lichens methods of reproduction |
isidia and soredia - algae + fungi in little balls (asexual reproduction) apothecia - sexual reproduction |
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Why are saltmarshes/intertidal habitats important? |
-critical nursery habitat -buffer against storm surge, pollution and erosion |
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Plant pathogen symptoms |
blight
wilt scab mildews canker leaf curl |
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examples of plant diseases by fungi and oomycetes |
late potato blight (oomycete) southern corn leaf blight black stem rus of wheat dutch elm disease ergot/rhye |
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Appressorium |
specializedcell/fungal filament adheres to infect host plants (flattened hyphal organ fromwhich peg grows from) |
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Haustorium |
slenderhyphae/root projection that penetrates tissues of host and gains nutrients(fungal feeding structure) |
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Penetration peg |
specializednarrow hyphal strand on underside of appressorium |
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Callose |
plant polysaccharide deposited by plant during penetration |
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types of mycorrhizae |
AM, ECM, arbutoid, ericoid, monotropoid, orchid |
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major mycorrhizae groups |
AM (arbuscular micorrhizae) , ECM, arbutoid, ericoid,monotropoid, orchid |
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myc factors |
solublesignals that induce plant responses (can move through a permeability barrier) |
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SYM genes |
turnedon through SYM pathway involved in symbiosis with rhizobia
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arbuscules |
a branched treelike organ; specifically : one of the treelike haustorial organs in certain mycorrhizal fungi. |
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vesicles |
membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch |
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AM fungi vs. nitrogen fixing bacteria -similarities -differences |
surface area
extension other abilities (phosphorus assimilation in fungi) |
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Role of fungi in global N and C cycles |
nitrogen fixation - bring N to plant roots recycle carbon from dead matter |
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Different wood rots Main fungal phylum |
white rot, brown rot, stem decay, root decay ascomycete |
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How are lichens, aquatic fungi and mycorrhizae collected |
cutting pieces off wood collecting water samples and creating slides with drops of water and substrate dying roots of plants and creating microscope slides with fragments |
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Ancestry of mycorrhizae and brown rot... |
Agaricomycetes (290MYA) white rot fungus, brown rot and mycorrhizl species derived from white rot ancestors |
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enzymes that degrade lignin and cellulose |
cellulase polyphenoloxidase xylanase manganese peroxidase |
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Example of wood rot pathogen |
Armillaria |
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Ecological importance of fungi |
-nutrient recyclers, decomposers -mutualistic forms: lichen, mycorrhizae and animal interactions -pathogens: diseases in plants and animals -biocontrol -enzymes with special functions -medicine (cordyceps) |
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staining AMF |
decolorizing agent -> boil with KOH stain -> ink and vinegar boil rinse -> water and vinegar soak cut small piece -> make wet mount -fungi stain black |
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AMF |
grasslands + tropical rainforests gymnosperms, angiosperms, pterophytes, bryophytes (penetrate cells) GLOMERO |
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ECM |
temperate forests gymnosperms and angiosperms (surround cells) BASIDIO + ASCO |
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ERM |
alpine environments ericales and bryophytes ASCO |
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arbutoid |
ericales BASIDIO |
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monotropoid |
ericales BASIDIO |
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orchid |
orchidaceae BASIDIO |
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Journal Club |
-A parasitic fungus infecting yellow dungflies manipulates host perching behaviour - Fungal Decay and Shelf Life of Oranges CoatedWith Chitosan and Bergamot, Thyme, and TeaTree Essential Oils -Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles fromFungi and Metal Salts: Scope andApplication -Effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomus mosseaeon growth and metal uptake by four plant speciesin copper mine tailings |
